Ochlik
[1]
Ochlik - buorganizmning hayotini
ta'minlash uchun zarur bo'lgan darajadan
pastbo'lgan kaloriya energiya iste'mol
qilishningetishmovchiligi. Bu to'yib
ovqatlanmaslikning eng ekstremal shakli.
Odamlarda, uzoq vaqt ochlik doimiy olib
kelishi mumkin organ zarar
[2]
oxir-oqibat
va o'lim . Muddatli ozg'inlik belgilari va
anglatadi:
Ochlik
1960 yillarning oxiridagi Nigeriya fuqarolik
urushi paytida bir qiz , qattiq ochlik va to'yib
ovqatlanmaslikning azoblarini ko'rsatdi.
Mutaxassisligi
Tanqidiy davolash
Ko'ra Jahon sog'liqni saqlash tashkiloti ,
ochlik dunyodagi sog'liqni saqlash uchun
yagona kattasidir tahdid hisoblanadi.
[3]
JSST ham bu qoniqarsiz oziqlanishni
deyilgan ancha katta hissa tomonidan
bolalar o'limi barcha hollarda yarmida,
bugungi.
[3]
Kam ovqatlanish har yili 5,1
yoshgacha bo'lgan 3,1 million bolalar
o'limiga olib keladi.
[4]
Haqiqiy ochlik
haqidagi ma'lumotni aytish qiyin, ammo
Oziq-ovqat va Qishloq xo'jaligi tashkiloti
ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, hozirgi paytda kam
ovqatlanish holati 842 million kishiga yoki
dunyo aholisining har sakkizdan biriga
(12,5%) ta'sir qiladi .
[5]
Shishgan oshqozon, ovqatlanishning
yomon ko'rinishini kwashiorkor deb ataydi
. Kvashiorkorning aniq patogenezi aniq
emas, chunki dastlab uglevodlar
(masalan, makkajo'xori) yuqori, ammo
oqsil miqdori kam bo'lgan parhezlar bilan
bog'liq deb taxmin qilingan.
[6]
Ko'pgina
bemorlarda albumin miqdori kam bo'lsa
ham, bu holatning natijasi deb
hisoblanadi. Aflatoksin bilan zaharlanish,
oksidlovchi stress, immunitetning
pasayishi va ichak mikrobiotasining
o'zgarishi kabi mumkin bo'lgan sabablar
tavsiya etilgan.
[7]
davolash kabi
tasvirlangan vazn yo'qotish va
yumshatish alomatlarini yordam berishi
mumkin mushak Biroq oldini olish juda
muhim ahamiyatga ega, ajratilyapti.
[6]
Erta alomatlarga dürtüsellik,
asabiylashish va giperaktivlik kiradi.
Oshqozon atrofiyasi (isrof qilinishi) ochlik
Belgilari va alomatlari
1921
yildagi
rus ocharchilik
paytida rus qizining
ochligi
hisini susaytiradi, chunki idrok bo'sh
bo'lgan oshqozon hajmini boshqaradi.
Ochlikni boshdan kechirayotgan odamlar
sezilarli darajada yog ' ( yog' to'qimasi )
va mushak massasini yo'qotadilar ,
chunki tana energiya uchun bu
to'qimalarni parchalaydi.
[8]
Katabolizma -
bu asab tizimi va yurak mushaklari
(miokard) kabi hayotiy muhim tizimlarni
saqlab qolish uchun tananing o'z
mushaklari va boshqa to'qimalarini
parchalash jarayoni .
[9]
Ochlikdan kelib
chiqadigan energiya etishmasligi
charchoqni keltirib chiqaradiva vaqt
o'tishi bilan jabrlanuvchiga beparvo
munosabatda bo'ladi . Och qolgan odam
ko'chib o'tishga yoki hatto ovqatlanishga
ojiz bo'lib qolganda, ularning atrofdagi
dunyo bilan o'zaro ta'siri susayadi.
Ayollarda hayz ko'rish tanadagi yog
'miqdori homilani qo'llab-quvvatlash
uchun juda past bo'lganda to'xtaydi .
Ochlik qurbonlari ko'pincha tashnalikni
sezish uchun juda zaifdir va shuning
uchun suvsizlanishadi . Barcha harakatlar
mushaklarning atrofiyasi va kuchli
suvsizlanish natijasida yuzaga kelgan
quruq, yorilgan teri tufayli og'riqli bo'ladi.
Zaiflashgan tanasi bilan kasalliklar odatiy
holdir. Masalan, zamburug'lar ko'pincha
qizilo'ngach tagida o'sadi , yutish esa
og'riqli bo'ladi. Vitamin etishmovchiligi ,
shuningdek, ocharchilikning keng
tarqalgan natijasidir, ko'pincha anemiya ,
beriberi , pellagra va qichitishga olib
keladi . Ushbu kasalliklar birgalikda
diareya , terida toshmalar , shish va yurak
etishmovchiligini keltirib chiqarishi
mumkin. Odamlar ko'pincha
asabiylashadi va natijada letargik holatga
tushib qolishadi.
Odamlar oziq-ovqatsiz qancha vaqt
yashashi mumkinligi to'g'risida ilmiy
ma'lumotlar etarli emas.
[10]
Vaqtning
uzunligi odamning tana yog'i va umumiy
sog'lig'ining foiziga bog'liq bo'lsa-da, bir
tibbiy tadqiqot shuni ko'rsatadiki,
kattalarda to'liq ochlik 8 dan 12
haftagacha o'limga olib keladi.
[11]
Ochlik,
odam normal tana vaznining qariyb 30%
yoki uchdan bir qismini yo'qotganda
boshlanadi.
[12]
zarar belgilangan 40%
o'lim deyarli muqarrar bir marta.
[12]
s
a
b
a
b
l
a
r
i
Ochlik - bu energiya iste'moli va energiya
sarflari o'rtasidagi nomutanosiblik. Tana
odatdagidan ko'proq energiya sarflaydi.
Ushbu nomutanosiblik bir yoki bir nechta
tibbiy sharoitlar yoki jiddiy vaziyatlardan
kelib chiqishi mumkin, bunga quyidagilar
kiradi.
Tibbiy sabablar
Ochlikdan
Vetnam
bir oziq-ovqat mahrum etildi
odamni,
Vetnam Cong
qamoq lagerida. Ochlikning
aniq belgisi bo'lgan
qovurg'a qafasiga
e'tibor bering .
Anoreksiya asab tizimi
Bulimiya nervozasi
Ovqatlanishning buzilishi, boshqacha
ko'rsatilmagan
Çölyak kasalligi
Koma
Asosiy depressiv kasallik
Qandli diabet
Ovqat hazm qilish tizimi
Doimiy qusish
Doimiy sabablar
Bola, oqsoqol yoki qaramog'ida bo'lgan
huquqbuzarlik
Ochlik - har qanday sababga ko'ra,
masalan siyosiy nizolar va urushlar
[13] [14]
Ochlik
Haddan tashqari ro'za
Qashshoqlik
Odatda yuqori karbongidratli diet bilan
inson tanasi uning asosiy energiya
manbai sifatida erkin qon glyukozasiga
suyanadi . Qonda shakar darajasi qat'iy
tartibga solinadi ; qon glyukoza iste'mol
qilinganda, oshqozon osti bezi
glyukagonni chiqaradi , bu jigarda
saqlanib qolgan glikogenni glyukoza
Biokimyoni
ichiga aylantiradigan gormon . Odatda
glikogenli do'konlar har bir
ovqatlanishdan keyin to'ldiriladi, ammo
agar uni to'ldirishdan oldin do'kon qurib
qolsa, tana gipoglikemiyaga kirishadi va
ochlik ta'sirini boshlaydi .
Glikogen zaxirasi tugaganidan keyin va
keyingi 2-3 kun ichida yog 'kislotalari
asosiy metabolik yoqilg'iga aylanadi .
Avvaliga miya glyukoza iste'mol qilishni
davom ettiradi. Agar miya bo'lmagan
to'qima metabolik yonilg'i sifatida yog
'kislotalarini ishlatsa, xuddi shu
to'qimalarda glyukozani iste'mol qilish
to'xtatiladi. Shunday qilib, yog 'kislotalari
energiya uchun parchalanib ketganda,
qolgan barcha glyukoza miya tomonidan
ishlatilishi mumkin bo'ladi.
After 2 or 3 days of fasting, the liver
begins to synthesize ketone bodies from
precursors obtained from fatty acid
breakdown. The brain uses these ketone
bodies as fuel, thus cutting its
requirement for glucose. After fasting for
3 days, the brain gets 30% of its energy
from ketone bodies. After 4 days, this
may go upwards to 70% or more.
[15]
Thus, the production of ketone bodies
cuts the brain's glucose requirement from
80 g per day to 30 g per day, about 35%
of normal, with 65% derived from ketone
bodies. But of the brain's remaining 30 g
requirement, 20 g per day can be
produced by the liver from glycerol (itself
a product of fat breakdown). But this still
leaves a deficit of about 10 g of glucose
per day that must be supplied from some
other source. This other source will be
the body's own proteins.
After exhaustion of fat stores, the cells in
the body begin to break down protein.
This releases alanine and lactate
produced from pyruvate into the
bloodstream, which can be converted
into glucose by the liver. Since much of
human muscle mass is protein, this
phenomenon is responsible for the
wasting away of muscle mass seen in
starvation. However, the body is able to
selectively decide which cells will break
down protein and which will not. About
2–3 g of protein has to be broken down
to synthesize 1 g of glucose; about 20–
30 g of protein is broken down each day
to make 10 g of glucose to keep the brain
alive. However, this number may
decrease the longer the fasting period is
continued in order to conserve protein.
Starvation ensues when the fat reserves
are completely exhausted and protein is
the only fuel source available to the body.
Thus, after periods of starvation, the loss
of body protein affects the function of
important organs, and death results, even
if there are still fat reserves left unused.
(In a leaner person, the fat reserves are
depleted faster, the protein depletion
occurs sooner, and therefore death
occurs sooner.) The ultimate cause of
death is, in general, cardiac arrhythmia or
cardiac arrest brought on by tissue
degradation and electrolyte imbalances.
Alternatively, things like metabolic
acidosisshuningdek, och odamlarda
o'limga olib kelishi mumkin.
[16]
Ochlik kasallikdan tashqari boshqa
shaxslarning ta'siriga bog'liq bo'lishi
mumkin. Jahon oziq-ovqat xavfsizligi
Oldini olishni
bo'yicha Rim deklaratsiya oshirishga
qaratilgan qator siyosatni bayon oziq-
ovqat xavfsizligini
[17]
va, binobarin,
ochlikning oldini olish. Bularga
quyidagilar kiradi:
Qashshoqlikni kamaytirish
Urushlarning oldini olish va siyosiy
beqarorlik
Oziq-ovqat yordami
[18]
Qishloq xo'jaligining barqarorligi
Iqtisodiy tengsizlikni kamaytirish
Bepul yoki subsidiyalangan o'g'itlar va
urug'lar kabi choralar orqali oziq-ovqat
etishmovchiligidagi fermerlarni qo'llab-
quvvatlash oziq-ovqat hosilini ko'paytiradi
va oziq-ovqat narxini pasaytiradi.
[19]
Ochlik bilan og'rigan bemorlarni davolash
mumkin, ammo bu ovqatlanish
sindromining oldini olish uchun
ehtiyotkorlik bilan amalga oshirilishi
kerak .
[20]
Dam olish va iliqlik
ta'minlanishi va saqlanishi kerak.
Glyukoza bilan aralashtirilgan suvning oz
miqdordagi yupqalarini muntazam
ravishda berish kerak. Meva sharbatlari
ham berilishi mumkin. Keyinchalik, oziq-
ovqat asta-sekin oz miqdorda berilishi
mumkin. Vaqt o'tishi bilan oziq-ovqat
Davolashni
miqdori ko'payishi mumkin. Zardob
oqsillari darajasini oshirish uchun
oqsillarni tomir ichiga yuborish mumkin .
[21]
Tashkilotlar
Ko'pgina tashkilotlar turli mintaqalarda
ochlikni kamaytirishda juda samarali
bo'lgan. Yordam agentliklari odamlarga
to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yordam berishadi, siyosiy
tashkilotlar siyosiy rahbarlarni
ocharchilikni kamaytiradigan va yordam
ko'rsatadigan yanada keng miqyosli
siyosat yuritishlariga majburlashadi.
t…
Ochlik statistikasi
Hisob-kitoblariga ko'ra, oziq-ovqat va
qishloq xo'jaligi tashkiloti dunyoda 925
million tushganda yoki Holsiz odamlar
2010 yilda bor edi
[22]
Bu 2009 yilda
taxminan 1 milliard Holsiz odamlar bir
matndan bir pasayishiga
[23]
2007-yilda,
923 1990-2002 yillarda 80 millionga
ko'payib, millionlab odamlar etarlicha
ovqatlanmaslik haqida xabar berilgan
edi.
[24]
Shuningdek, qayd etilishicha,
dunyo allaqachon dunyo aholisini qo'llab-
Ochlikdan azob chekayotgan aholining foizi,
Jahon
oziq-ovqat dasturi
, 2013
quvvatlash uchun etarlicha oziq-ovqat
ishlab chiqaradi.
Och qolgan va to'yib ovqatlanmagan
odamlarning ta'riflari har xil bo'lganligi
sababli, och odamlar soni
ovqatlanmaganlarning ta'rifidan farq
qiladi. Umuman olganda, to'yib
ovqatlanishga qaraganda och odam
kam.
Dunyoda kam ovqatlangan va och
odamlarning nisbati kamida bir necha
asrlar davomida doimiy ravishda
kamayib bordi.
[25]
Bu oziq-ovqat
ta'minotining ko'payishi va umuman
iqtisodiy samaraning oshishi bilan bog'liq
. 40 yil ichida rivojlanayotgan
mamlakatlarda ovqatlanmaganlarning
ulushi ikki baravar ko'paydi. Och qolganlar
nisbati yanada tezroq kamaymoqda.
Yil
1970
yil
1980
yil
1990
yil
2004
yil
2007
yil
2009
yil
Kam rivojlangan dunyoda etarlicha ovqatlanmagan
odamlarning ulushi
[23] [26] [27]
37% 28% 20% 16% 17% 16%
Vikipediyada
ushbu maqola bilan
bog'liq asl matn mavjud:
Qaysar ayollari
O'lim jazosi
Ushbu bo'limda tekshirish uchun qo'shimcha
izohlar kerak .
Ko'proq ma'lumot olish
Tarixan ochlik o'lim hukmi sifatida
ishlatilgan . Sivilizatsiya paydo bo'lishidan
O'rta asrlarga qadar odamlar suvga
cho'mgan yoki devor bilan o'ralgan va
oziq-ovqatga muhtoj bo'lib o'lishgan.
In ancient Greco-Roman societies,
starvation was sometimes used to
dispose of guilty upper class citizens,
especially erring female members of
Och qolgan
Livilla
ovqatdan bosh tortmoqda.
Andre Castagne chizgan rasmdan
patrician families. For instance, in the
year 31, Livilla, the niece and daughter-in-
law of Tiberius, was discreetly starved to
death by her mother for her adulterous
relationship with Sejanus and for her
complicity in the murder of her own
husband, Drusus the Younger.
Another daughter-in-law of Tiberius,
named Agrippina the Elder (a
granddaughter of Augustus and the
mother of Caligula), also died of
starvation, in 33 AD. (However, it is not
clear whether her starvation was self-
inflicted.)
A son and daughter of Agrippina were
also executed by starvation for political
reasons; Drusus Caesar, her second son,
was put in prison in 33 AD, and starved to
death by orders of Tiberius (he managed
to stay alive for nine days by chewing the
stuffing of his bed); Agrippina's youngest
daughter, Julia Livilla, was exiled on an
island in 41 by her uncle, Emperor
Claudius, and subsequently her death by
starvation was arranged by the empress
Messalina.
A
Mongolian
woman condemned to die of
starvation, c. 1913
It is also possible that Vestal Virgins
were starved when found guilty of
breaking their vows of celibacy.
Ugolino della Gherardesca, his sons and
other members of his family were
immured in the Muda, a tower of Pisa,
and starved to death in the thirteenth
century. Dante, his contemporary, wrote
about Gherardesca in his masterpiece
The Divine Comedy.
In Sweden in 1317, King Birger of Sweden
imprisoned his two brothers for a coup
they had staged several years earlier
(Nyköping Banquet). According to legend
they died of starvation a few weeks later,
since their brother had thrown the prison
key in the castle moat.
1671 yilda Buyuk Britaniyada Cornwall,
Jon Trehenban dan St Kolumbning Major
bir qafasda o'lim ochlikdan kerak
mahkum etildi Imorat An Dinas ikki qiz
qotillik uchun. Makah , Kanada va AQSh
zamonaviy chegarasiga yaqin Pacific
Northwest yashaydigan Amerikalik
qabilalar, qullar uchun jazo sifatida ochlik
bilan o'limni usta.
[28]
Kontsentratsion lagerlar va g
e
t
t
Ko'pgina mahbuslar fashistlarning
kontslagerlarida ataylab yomon
muomala qilish, kasallik, ochlik va
o
l
a
r
i
Buhenvaldagi
mahbuslar, 1945 yil 16 aprelda lager
ozod qilinganida
haddan tashqari ish tutish natijasida
vafot etganlar yoki mehnatga yaroqsiz
deb qatl etilganlar. Sharqiy Evropadagi
gettolarning ko'pgina aholisi ham och
qolishdi, eng Varshava gettosida .
Mahbuslarni noinsoniy sharoitlarda temir
yo'l yuk mashinalari bilan tashib
yuborishdi va ko'pchilik o'z manzillariga
etib borguncha halok bo'lishdi. Mahbuslar
chorva moshinalarida bir necha kun,
hatto haftalar davomida, na ozuqa, na
suv bor edi. Ko'pchilik suvsizlanishdan
vafot etdiyozning jazirama jaziramasida
yoki qishda o'limga qadar. Evropadagi
natsistlarning kontslagerlari 1933-1945
yillar davomida mahbuslarni ataylab
boqishmagan, ular bir vaqtning o'zida
og'ir ishlarni bajarishga majbur
bo'lishgan. Ularning dietasi suvli
sabzavotli sho'rva va ozgina non bilan
cheklangan, parhez yog'lari , oqsillar va
boshqa zarur ozuqalar kam edi . Bunday
muomala tana to'qimalarining
yo'qolishiga olib keldi va mahbuslar
skeletga aylanganda, Muselman deb
ataladiganlar lager shifokorlari
tomonidan ko'rikdan o'tkazilganda gaz
yoki o'q bilan o'ldirildi.
Maksimilian Kolbe
, G'arbiy Germaniya pochta
markasida
Auschwitzni
belgilagan
Ochlikdan, shuningdek, qurbonlar o'lik
holigacha kichik kameraga qamab
qo'yilgan jazo sifatida foydalanilgan, bu
jarayon ko'p kun davom etishi mumkin.
Avliyo Maksimilian Kolbe , jafokash
Polshalik rohib, Ausxitts kontslagerida
ochlikdan hukm qilindi . 1941 yilda
lagerdan muvaffaqiyatli qochish
natijasida o'n mahbus ochlikdan o'limga
mahkum qilindi. Kolbe ixtiyoriy ravishda
xotini va bolalari bo'lgan erkakning o'rnini
egalladi. Ikki haftalik ochlikdan so'ng
Kolbe va yana uchta mahbus tirik qoldilar;
keyin ular fenol in'ektsiyalari bilan qatl
qilindi .
markasida
Auschwitzni
belgilagan
2007-2008 yillarda jahonda oziq-ovqat
narxlari inqirozi
Anoreksiya mirabilis
Norman Borlaug
Kaxeksiya
Katolikistik endura marosimi
Global ochlik indeksi
Ochlik rejimi
Ochlik tarozilari
Ochlik rejasi
Ochlik e'lon qilish
Ochliklar ro'yxati
Ochlikdan vafot etgan odamlar ro'yxati
Shuningdek qarang
Marazm
Muselmann
Insonning haddan tashqari ko'payishi
Santxara
1. Xon, Sajid, 1951 yil - Zaveri, Milap
Milan. Nadiadvala, Sajid. Kumar,
Akshay. Desmux, Riteish. Xon, Fardin,
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1958- ([2007]). Heyy go‘dak . Eros
International. OCLC 180773254 .
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|date=
( yordam )
Adabiyotlar
2. Kasalliklarni bog'liq Oziqlantirish:
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yondoshuvni ". [Oziq-ovqat] qabul
qilish kambag'al yoki uzoq vaqt
(hafta) uchun yo'q, vazn yo'qotish
organlar etishmovchiligi va o'lim bilan
bog'liq bo'lsa,"
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26. Food and Agriculture Organization
Agricultural and Development
Economics Division. "The State of
Food Insecurity in the World, 2006 :
Eradicating world hunger – taking
stock ten years after the World Food
Summit" . Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations,
2006, p. 8. "Because of population
growth, the very small decrease in
the number of hungry people has
nevertheless resulted in a reduction
in the proportion of undernourished
people in the developing countries by
3 percentage points – from 20
percent in 1990–92 to 17 percent in
2001–03. (…) the prevalence of
undernourishment declined by 9
percent (from 37 percent to 28
percent) between 1969–71 and
1979–81 and by a further 8
percentage points (to 20 percent)
between 1979–81 and 1990–92.".
27. Food and Agriculture Organization
Economic and Social Development
Department. "The State of Food
Insecurity in the World, 2008 : High
food prices and food security -
threats and opportunities" . Food and
Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, 2008, p. 6. "Good
progress in reducing the share of
hungry people in the developing
world had been achieved – down
from almost 20 percent in 1990–92
to less than 18 percent in 1995–97
and just above 16 percent in 2003–
05. The estimates show that rising
food prices have thrown that
progress into reverse, with the
proportion of undernourished people
worldwide moving back towards 17
percent.".
28. Donald, Leland (1997). Shimoliy
Amerikaning shimoli-g'arbiy
sohilidagi aborigen qullik, Kaliforniya
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Wikimedia Commons-da
ochlik
bilan
bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari
mavjud .
Vikikitobda:
Ochlikdan
Kutubxonangizdagi va boshqa
kutubxonalardagi ochlik haqidagi
onlayn kitoblar va kutubxona resurslari
BMT rahbari: Har kuni ochlik 17000
bolani o'ldiradi - CNN
Uilson, DE; Zeykus, R; Chan, IF (1987 yil
aprel). "Organik lipoprotein lipaza
faolligi va ketonuriyaning och va
Bundan tashqari o'qish
streptozotsin sabab bo'lgan diabetik
kalamushlarda gipertrigliseridemiya
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Oqqush, JC; Connor, BIZ (1975 yil
avgust). "Umumiy ochlik
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Tashqi havolalar
So'nggi marta 10 kun oldin Stewa1198 tomonidan tahrirlangan
Kontent CC BY-SA 3.0 da joylashtirilishi mumkin,
agar boshqacha ko'rsatilmagan bo'lsa.
"
Https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Starvation&oldid=938437210
" dan olindi
Tasniflash
ICD - 10 : T73.0
•
ICD - 9-CM : 994.2
•
MeSH : D013217
•
KasalliklarDB :
12415
D
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