T ushu nchalar.
I n s o n v o q e l i k n i b i l is h j a r a y o n i d a
n a r s a l a r n i b i r - b i r i bilan t a q q o s l a b k o ‘ra d i va u l a r n i n g
o ‘xshashligi h a m d a farqini a n iq la y d i: a n a li z va sin tez y o ‘li
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b i l a n n a r s a , h o d i s a l a r n i n g m o h i y a t i n i o c h a d i , f i k r a n
u l a r n i n g b e l g i l a r i n i a j r a t a d i , b u b e l g i l a r n i a b s t r a k -
siyalashtiradi va u m u m la s h tira d i. N a tijad a o d a m voqelikdagi
narsa, h o d i s a l a r t o ‘g ‘risida tu s h u n c h a hosil qiladi.
N a r s a va h o d is a l a r n i n g m u h im b e lgilarini, b o g i a n i s h -
larini, m o h i y a t in i h u k m l a r orqali fikran k e n g va c h u q u r
aks e t tiris h d a n ib o r a t fikr yuritish shakli v a psixik m ahsuli
b o ‘lgan t u s h u n c h a bilishning m u h im jihatidir. B oshqa psixik
m a h s u ll a r kabi t u s h u n c h a l a r n i n g m a n b a y i h a m m o d d iy
d u n y o d ir.
N a r s a v a h o d i s a l a r n i n g u m u m i y h a m d a m u h i m
belgilarini aks e t t i r u v c h i tu s h u n c h a bu fikrdir. O d a td a ,
t u s h u n c h a l a r m o h i y a t i ji h a t i d a n k o n k r e t v a a b s t r a k tg a
a jra tila d i. A l o h i d a o l i n g a n b ir b u t u n n a r s a g a a l o q a d o r
t u s h u n c h a k o n k r e t t u s h u n c h a deb a tala d i. M asalan: stol,
d i v a n , q a y r a g ‘o c h , t r a k t o r , h o lv a v a h o k a z o . M o d d i y
borliqdagi n a r s a l a r d a n fikran ajratib o lin g a n b a 'z i xusu-
siyat, sifat h o l a t l a r g a , s h u n i n g d e k , n a r s a l a r o ‘rtasidagi
ichki m u n o s a b a t l a r g a , q o n u n iy a tla rg a q a r a tilg a n t u s h u n
c h a l a r a b s t r a k t t u s h u n c h a d e b a ta la d i. M a s a la n : o qlik,
u z u n lik , b a l a n d l i k , k e n g lik , h a r a k a t , y o r u g ‘lik, q iy m a t
haqidagi t u s h u n c h a l a r va hokazo.
T u s h u n c h a l a r k o ‘lam i jih a tid a n u c h t u r g a b o l i n a d i :
yakka t u s h u n c h a l a r , u m u m i y t u s h u n c h a l a r v a t o ‘p l a n m a
t u s h u n c h a la r. Y a k k a t u s h u n c h a l a r y a k k a n a rsa va hodisa
h a q id ag i t u s h u n c h a d i r . B u n d a y t u s h u n c h a l a r g a A lish e r
N a v o iy , g e n e r a l S o b i r R ah im o v , T o s h k e n t , A m u d a r y o ,
H im o la y , T i n c h o k e a n i t o ‘g ‘risidagi t u s h u n c h a l a r n i misol
qilib keltirsa b o l a d i .
Y akka t u s h u n c h a l a r n i n g xususiyati s h u k i, bu tu s h u n -
c h a l a r d a h a m i s h a a n i q o b ra z m av ju d b o l a d i . U m u m i y
t u s h u n c h a l a r d a b i r j i n s d a b o l g a n k o ‘p n a r s a v a h o disalar
g av dalantiriladi. M a s a la n , kitob, m a k ta b , y u ld u z , talaba,
o ‘spirin, hosil, t o g ‘ va yer.
T o ‘p l a n m a t u s h u n c h a l a r b ir j i n s d a b o ‘lgan n a rsa va
h o d is a la r t o 'p l a m i h a q i d a yaxlit fikr yuritish d ir. M asa la n ,
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p a x t a z o r , k u t u b x o n a , yig‘ilish v a h o k a z o la r . T o ‘p l a n m a
t u s h u n c h a l a r n i n g b ir qan c h asi b i r d a n i g a tatbiq q ilin g a n d a
u m u m i y t o ‘p l a n m a t u s h u n c h a l a r h o sil b o l a d i . M a s a la n ,
A lish er N a v o iy nom idagi R e s p u b l i k a d avlat k u tu b x o n a s i
tu sh u n ch as in i yakka t o ‘planm a tu s h u n c h a g a oid desa b o l a d i .
G u r u h , s i n f , j a m o a , polk, x a l q , o l o m o n va b o s h q a l a r
u m u m i y t o ' p l a n m a t u s h u n c h a g a m is o ld ir. Yetti og^ayni
y u l d u z l a r t o ' p l a m i , B olgariya i s h c h i l a r sinfl, T o s h k e n t
p o c h t a m t i xiz m a tc h ila ri j a m o a s i k a b i l a r yakka t o 'p l a n m a
t u s h u n c h a l a r ju m la sig a kiradi.
„ A b s t r a k t “ t u s h u n c h a l a r n in g y u q o r i d a qayd qilib o lti l-
g a n t u s h u n c h a l a r d a n farqi sh u k i, u l a r id ro k yoki t a s a w u r g a
b e v o s i t a a s o s l a n m a y d i . „ A b s t r a k t “ t u s h u n c h a g a m i s o l
tariqasida „ q iy m a t“ tushu n ch asin i keltirib o ‘tamiz: siz a y r im
to v arn i u s h l a b h a r birini qoM ingizda a y la n tirib k o 'rish in g iz ,
u n i x o h l a g a n in g i z c h a ish latish in g iz m u m k i n , a m m o s h u
tovarni q iy m a t tariqasida olib q a r a g a n i m i z d a uni aslo u s h la b
b o l m a y d i .
T u s h u n c h a bilan so‘z m u n o s a b a t i b i r tekis b o 'l m a y d i ,
a y r im p a y t l a r s o ‘z bilan t u s h u n c h a a y n a n m o s t u s h a d i
( o l m a — s o l z , o l m a — t u s h u n c h a ) , q o í g a n p a y t l a r d a
t u s h u n c h a o ‘z k o ‘lam i j i h a t id a n k e n g d ir.
F i k r y u r i t i s h d a t u s h u n c h a b i l a n s o ‘z o ‘z a ro b o g ‘liq
ravishda n a m o y o n bo'ladi. B ir t o m o n d a n , s o ‘z y o r d a m i s iz
t u s h u n c h a v u ju d g a k e lm a y d i, i k k i n c h i t o m o n d a n , s o ‘z
t u s h u n c h a n i n g m o d d i y a s o si v a f u n k s i y a s i n i b a j a r a d i .
T u s h u n c h a l a r b i r y o k i u n d a n o r t i q s o ‘z l a r d a n t a s h k i l
to p ish i m u m k i n . M asa la n , „ x a l q “ d e g a n t u s h u n c h a b i r
s o 'z d a n , ,,o lzb e k xalqi“ ikki s o ‘z d a n , „ q a h r a m o n o ‘z b e k
x alq i“ u c h s o lz d a n , „ozodlik u c h u n k u ra s h a y o tg a n x a l q l a r “
d e g a n t u s h u n c h a t o ‘rt sokz d a n t a s h k i l to p g an .
P s i x o l o g i y a d a b a ’zi t u s h u n c h a l a r s h a r t l i b e l g i —
sim v o lla r y o r d a m i bilan h a m i f o d a l a n a d i . B ular q a t o r i g a
m a t e m a t i k s i m v o ll a r + ( p l u s ) , — ( m i n u s ) , > ( k a t t a l i k
belgisi), < (k ic h ik lik b e lg isi), = ( t e n g l i k belgisi), : ( b o l i s h ) ,
■ ( k o ‘p a y tiris h ) va boshqa b e lg ila r q o ‘llaniladi; h arflar h a m
287
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t u s h u n c h a l a r n i v u j u d g a keltirishi m u m k i n : a , b, c , d va
hokaz o ; y o ‘l q o i d a l a r i belgisi; geografik s h a rtli belgilar h a m
tu s h u n c h a o ‘r n i d a ishlatilishi m u m k in .
T u s h u n c h a l a r f i k r y u r i t i s h n i n g a s o s i y j a r a y o n l a r i
b o ‘lib, y a ’ni u l a r tasn iflash , u m u m la s h ti r i s h va ab stra k -
siyalashlar y o r d a m i b i la n vujudga keladi. S o ‘zlar, belgilar,
sim vollar, a t a m a l a r ta fa k k u r ja r a y o n i d a tu s h u n c h a l a r n i n g
m a z m u n i n i aks e t t i r a d i . I.P.P avIovning fik rich a , s o kz sig-
n allar tizim id a g i b a r c h a signallarning signalidir. B in o b arin ,
u signallarning b a r c h a s i n i ifodalaydi va u l a r n in g h a m m a s in i
u m u m l a s h ti r a d i .
T a l a f f u z d a g i h a r b i r s o ‘z m u a y y a n m a z m u n n i va
m u a y y a n koM am dagi t u s h u n c h a la rn i a k s ettirad i. S o ‘zlar
a lo q a q u ro li v a z if a s in i bajarib, t u s h u n c h a l a r m o h iy a tin i
anglashga y o r d a m b e r a d i . T u s h u n c h a s o ‘z l a r y o rd a m i va
vositasi b ilan s h a x s l a r a r o m u n o s a b a t la r o ‘r n a ti s h d a faol
ishtirok etadi.
I n s o n t u s h u n c h a l a r n i n g aksa riy atin i o ‘z i d a n avvalgi
a v l o d d a n m e r o s s i f a t i d a ta y y o r h o l d a o i g a n . A v l o d l a r
e s ta f e ta si n a t i j a s i d a b i r avlod y a r a t g a n t u s h u n c h a l a r n i
ikkinchi avlod e g a ll a b o lad i, ularga yangi m a z m u n va shakl
beradi. O ld in g i a v l o d n i n g boy m erosiga asoslanib, ularni
o ‘rganib u l g u r m a g a n voqelik xususiyatini o c h i s h g a intiladi,
s h u k a s h f iy o t o ‘l a r o q , yangi t u s h u n c h a l a r ijo d q ila d i.
B in o b arin , t u s h u n c h a l a r n i n g s h u n d a y y o l b ilan av lo d d an
avlodga o ‘tib b o r is h i v a egallanishi m a z k u r t u s h u n c h a l a r
n ing y a n a d a ra v n a q to p ishiga olib keladi.
M o d d i y b o r l i q t o ‘g ‘risid ag i t u s h u n c h a l a r filo va
o n t o g e n e t i k t a r a q q i y o t bosq ich in i b o s ib o ‘tadi. M a z k u r
t a r a q q i y o t b o s q i c h i t u s h u n c h a l a r n i n g t a k o m ill a s h u v ig a ,
m a z m u n a n c h u q u r la s h u v ig a , koMam j i h a t d a n kengayishiga
s a b a b c h i b o ‘l a d i . M a s a l a n : l ) y a r i m a s r m u q a d d a m
kishilarning Q u y o s h tizim iga kirgan p l a n e t a la r t o lg ‘risidagi
t a s a v v u r l a r i ; 2 ) m a k t a b g a c h a y o s h d a g i b o l a l a r n i n g
o ‘sim liklar va h a y v o n o t dunyosi t o ‘g ‘risidagi tu sh u n c h a la ri
k o ‘l a m i v a m a k t a b n i t a m o m l a s h d a v r i d a g i o ‘s p i r i n
288
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t u s h u n c h a l a r i m i q d o r i ; 3) o 4t g a n a s r d a g i o d a m l a r n i n g
kim y o fa n ig a o i d tu sh u n c h a la ri v a h o zirg i kundagi in s o n
t u s h u n c h a l a r i v a hokazo.
S h u n d a y qilib, t u s h u n c h a l a r n i n g m o h i y a t i h u k m l a r d a
yoritiladi, m a v ju d h u k m l a r a s o s i d a x u lo s a chiqariladi. Yangi
h u k m h o s il q il in a d i, to p ilg a n y a n g i b e lg ila r, a l o m a t l a r
t u s h u n c h a l a r n i y a n a d a boyitadi. T a f a k k u r y o rd a m id a in s o n
yaratish , k a s h f qilish, ixtiro q i lis h d a d a v o m etishi m u m k in .
D e m a k , y a n g i t u s h u n c h a l a r , a t a m a l a r ijod q ilin a v e ra d i,
iste’m o ld a g ila ri esa yangi sifat va y a n g i m a z m u n kasb e tadi.
D e t e r m i n i z m prinsipiga b i n o a n , s o ‘z l a r y angi t u s h u n c h a
lar y a ra tilish ig a vosita b o ‘lib x i z m a t q ila v e ra d i, s h u n i n g
bilan birga, t u s h u n c h a l a r z a m i r id a y a n g i s o ‘z!ar va ib o ra la r
vujudga k cladi y oinki yangicha t a l q i n q ilin ish g a k o ‘c h a d i.
S o ‘z b ila n tu s h u n c h a l a r n i n g c h a m b a r c h a s b o g ‘lanishi v a
m u n o sab ati filogenezda ham , o n t o g e n e z d a h a m o p eratsiona l
va fu n k sio n a! xususiyatlarni y o lq o t m a y d i .
Tafakkur sifatlari
T a f a k k u r b o s h q a b ilish j a r a y o n l a r i k a b i o ‘z i n i n g
individual xususiyatlariga eg a b o ‘lib, fik r yuritish fa o liy a -
tin in g s h a k lla ri, vositalari va o p c r a t s iy a l a r i n i n g k ish ila rd a
tu rlic h a n a m o y o n b o ‘lishida o ‘z ifo d a sin i to p a d i. O d a t d a ,
ta fa k k u rn in g individual x u su s iy a tla rig a (sifatlariga) bilish
f a o l i y a t i n i n g m a z m u n d o r l i k , m u s t a q i l l i k , e p c h i l l i k ,
s a m a r a d o rlik , fikrning kengligi, tezligi, c h u q u rlig i va b o s h q a
sifatlari kiritiladi.
T a f a k k u r n i n g m a z m u n d o r l i g i d e g a n d a , i n s o n n i n g
o n g i d a t e v a r a k - a t r o f d a g i m o d d i y v o q e l i k t o ‘g ‘ri s i d a g i
( k o ‘l a m d a ) m u l o h a z a la r , m u h o k a m a l a r , fikrlar, m u a m -
m o l a r , t u s h u n c h a l a r q a n d a y m i q d o r d a ( k o ‘l a m d a ) j o y
olganligi n a z a r d a tutiladi. In s o n d a a y tib o ltilgan xaraktcrdagi
g ‘o y a l a r q a n c h a l i k t o i i b - t o s h s a , t a f a k k u r s h u n c h a l i k
m a z m u n d o r b o i a d i . Kishilar b i r - b i r l a r i d a n t a f a k k u r n i n g
m a z m u n d o r li g i bilan farq q iladila r.
19 Psixologiya
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T a f a k k u r n i n g c h u q u rlig i d e g a n d a , m o d d i y d u n y o d a g i
n a r s a - h o d i s a l a r n i n g a s o s iy q o n u n l a r i , q o n u n i y a t l a r i ,
xossalari, s ifatlari, u la r n i n g o ‘za ro b o g ‘lan ish lari, m u n o s a -
batlari t a f a k k u r i m i z d a t o l i q aks etg an lig in i tu s h u n ish im iz
kerak. T a f a k k u r a r s e n a li d a j o y la s h g a n n a r s a l a r n i n g q a y
y o ‘s in d a siste m alash g an lig ig a q a ra b ( t o ‘g ‘ri va ratsional y o l
n a z a rd a t u t il a d i ) , u yoki bu shaxsning tafa k k u ri chuqurligi
t o ‘g ‘risida q a t ’iy b i r q a ro rg a kelish m u m k i n .
T a f a k k u r n i n g kengligi o ‘zining m a z m u n d o r li g i , c h u
qurligi k ab i s i f a t l a r i b i l a n m u n t a z a m a l o q a d a b o l a d i .
I n s o n d a g i n a r s a v a h o d is a l a r n i n g e n g m u h i m belgi va
xususiyatlarini o ‘z i d a m u jassam lash tirg an , o 't m i s h haq id a,
h o z irg i d a v r h a q i d a , s h u n i n g d e k . k e l a j a k t o ‘g ‘risidagi
m u l o h a z a la r, m u a m m o l a r v a t u s h u n c h a l a r n i q a m r a b olgan
ta fa k k u r k e n g t a f a k k u r deyiladi. F ik r d o ira si keng, bilim
saviyasi y u q o r i , s e r g ‘o y a , ijodiy izlanishdagi kishilarni aql-
zakovatli, b i l i m d o n yoki tafakkuri k e n g kishilar d e b atash
m u m k i n . D e m a k , i n s o n n i n g a q l - z a k o v a t i , bilim d o n lig i,
m u lo h a z a k o rlig i u n i n g tafakkuri k e n g lig id an d a lo la t b e r a r
eka n.
In s o n t a f a k k u r i o ‘zin in g m ustaqiiligi j i h a t i d a n m ustaqil
va nom ustaqil tafa k k u rg a ajratiladi. T a fak k u rn in g mustaqiiligi
d e g a n d a , k i s h i n i n g shaxsiy t a s h a b b u s i b i l a n o ‘z o ld ig a
k o n k r e t m a q s a d , y a n g i v a z i f a l a r q o ‘y a b i l i s h i , u l a r
y u z a s i d a n a m a l i y v a ilm iy x a r a k t e r d a g i m u l o h a z a l a r
yuritishi, natijani k o ‘z oldiga keltira olishi, q o ‘yilgan vazifani
h e c h k i m n in g k o ‘m agisiz, k o ‘rsa tm asisiz, o 'z i n i n g aqliy
izlanishi tufayli t u rli y o ‘l, usul va v o s ita la r to p ib , m ustaqil
ravishda hal q i l i s h d a n iborat aqliy q o b iliy a tn i tu s h u n ish
kerak.
T a f a k k u r n i n g m u sta q iilig i a q l n i n g s e r ta s h a b b u s l ig i ,
p ish iq lig i v a t a n q i d i y l i g i d a n a m o y o n b o ‘lad i. A q l n i n g
s e r t a s h a b b u s l i g i d e g a n d a , i n s o n n i n g o ‘z o l d i g a y a n g i
m u a m m o , a n i q m a q s a d va k o n k re t v a z if a la r q o ‘yishini,
a n a s h u l a r n i n g b a r c h a s i n i am alga o s h iris h d a , nihoyasiga
yetkazishda, y e c h im i n i qidirishda usul v a vositalarni shaxsan
290
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o ‘zi izlashi, a qliy z o ‘r berib in tilish i, u larg a taalluqli q o ‘-
s h i m c h a belgi v a a lo m a tla rn i k i r it is h d a n iborat b o s q i c h -
l a r n i n g n a m o y o n b o l i s h i n i n a z a r d a t u t a m i z . A q l n i n g
pishiqligi v az ifalarni te z y e c h is h d a , y e c h is h p ay tid a y angi
usul va v o s ita la rn i te z izlab t o p i s h d a , u la rn i sa ra la s h d a ,
a n a s h u u s u lla r va vositalarni o ‘z o ‘rn id a a n i q q o ‘llashda,
a n d a z a g a a y l a n g a n , eski y o ‘l h a m d a u s u l l a r d a n f o r i g ‘
b o ‘lishda va b o s h q a jarayonlarda ifodalanadi.
0 ‘z i n i n g va o ‘z g a la rn in g m u l o h a z a l a r i n i , bu m u l o -
h a z a l a r n i n g c h i n yoki c h in e m a s lig in i te k s h iris h d a y u z a g a
k c l g a n m u l o h a z a l a r g a , m u h o k a m a l a r g a , m u a m m o l i
v aziyatga b a h o b e r a bilishda aq l b i l a n t a n q i d i y y o n d a s h is h
m u h i m roi o ‘ynaydi. T a f a k k u rn in g ta n q id iy lig i obyektiv v a
s u b y e k tiv r a v i s h d a ifo d a l a n is h i m u m k i n . M a z k u r s ifa t
i n s o n n i n g b a h o la s h , o lz - o kzini b a h o l a s h kabi ta fa k k u rn in g
individual xususiyatlariga b o g kliq ra v ish d a n a m o y o n boMadi.
A g a r t a n q i d i y l i k o q i l o n a , m u h i m b e l g i l a r g a , m u a m m o
m o h i y a t in i n g t o ‘g ‘ri o ch ilishiga a s o s l a n ib a m a lg a o s h s a ,
b u n d a y ta n q id iy lik obyektiv ta n q id iy lik d e b ataladi. M a b o d o
t a f a k k u r n i n g tanqidiyligi s u b y e k t iv x a t o l a r g a , u m u m a n ,
s u b y e k t i v i z m g a o g ‘ib k e t s a , b u n d a y h o l d a s u b y e k t i v
t a n q id iy lik deyiladi. Subyektiv ta n q i d i y lik salbiy o q i b a t g a
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