it is known (ma’lum
bo’lishicha),
it is believed (ishonishlaricha),
it is expected (umid qilishlaricha),
it is alleged (isbotlanishicha),
it is understood (tushunishlaricha),
it is considered (o’ylashlaricha) deb
boshlanuvchi ergashgan qo’shma gaplarni tarkibida infinitivli nominative bo’lgan soda gaplar bilan
almashtirish mumkin:
It is said that Henry eats ten eggs a day (ergashgan qo’shma gap). Aytishlaricha Henry bir kunda 10ta tuxum yeydi ekan. Henry is said to eat ten eggs a day. (sodda gap). Henrini bir kunda 10ta tuxum yeydi deyishadi. 2. Gapning kesimi tarkibida
likely (ehtimol),
unlikely (ehtimoldan uzoq),
certain (shubhasiz),
sure (aniq) sifatlari bo’lganda ulardan keyin
infinitiv li nominative ishlatiladi:
They are likely to come soon. (It is likely that they will come soon). Aftidan ular tezda kelishadi. The goods are unlikely to arrive. Tovarlarning yetib kelishi amri mahol. He is sure to return soon. U albatta tezda qaytib keladi. G E R U N D 1. Gerund fe’lning otlik va fe’llik xususiyatiga ega bo’lgan shaklidir. Gerundda infinitivga
qaraganda otlik xususiyati ko’proq. Gapda Gerund quyidagi vazifalarda keladi.
a) Ega vazifasida:
Reading is useful. O’qish foydalidir. b) Ot-kesim tarkibida: My
hobby is dancing. Mening sevimli mashg’ulotim raqsga tushish .
c) fe’l kesim tarkibida:
He finished reading it. U uni o’qishni tugatdi. d) vositasiz to’ldiruvchi:
I remember reading it. Men uni o’qiganimni eslayman. e) I am fond of reading. Men o’qishni yaxshi ko’raman.
2. Gerund quyidagi zamon va nisbat shakllariga ega:
Active
Passive
Simple
Perfect
Reading – o’qish
Having read – o’qib bo’lish
Being read – o’qitilish
Having been read – o’qitilib
bo’lish
I enjoy reading. Men o’qishdan rohatlanaman. I enjoy having read. O’qib bo’lishdan rohatlanaman. I enjoy being read. Men o’qitilishdan rohatlanaman. I enjoy having been read. Men o’qitilib bo’lishdan rohatlanaman. 3. Gerund bilan ifodalangan ish-harakat gapning egasiga tegishli bo’lsa Active Gerund
ishlatiladi:
He likes inviting his friends to his house. U do’stlarini uyga taklif qilishni yaxshi ko’radi. Agar Gerund orqali ifodalangan ish-harakat kimdir tomonidan bajarilayotgan bo’lsa Passive gerund ishlatiladi: He likes being invited by his friends. U do’stlari tomonidan taklif qilinishni yoqtiradi. 4. Gapning kesimidagi ish-harakat bilan bir paytda va kelasi zamonda sodir bo’ladigan ish-
harakatni ifodalash uchun Simple Gerund ishlatiladi:
I am surprised at watching this film. Men bu filmni tomosha qilib ajablanayabman. We think of going there in the summer. Biz u yerga yozda borishni o’ylayabmiz.