Newsademic British English edition 260



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15th October 2015 
N e w s a d e m ic .co m ™
 - British English edition 
page 
5
regions, o f the world. Each year 
there is a vote at the UN to choose 
which countries will be part o f the 
Security Council. Those selected sit 
on the Council for two years. Others 
then replace them. The five perma­
nent members can veto resolutions. 
This means that they can block any 
votes that they don’t agree with.
ITALY 
GREECE
MALTA
Lampedusa
M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a
LIBYA
The EU navy force is called EU 
Navfor Med. It is also known as Op­
eration Sophia. This force is made up 
o f navy ships from several EU mem­
ber countries. The Cavour, an Italian 
navy aircraft carrier, leads it. This 
force now has the U N ’s permission 
to stop people smuggling, or people 
trafficking, in the Mediterranean.
In recent years hundreds of boats 
carrying illegal migrants have tried 
to cross the Mediterranean Sea. The 
people in the boats want to move to 
EU member countries. Nowadays, 
most of these migrant boats come 
from Libya. The migrants come 
from many different nations. Some 
are trying to get away from fight­
ing in their countries. Others want 
to find work in EU countries and 
improve their lives. These people 
are called economic migrants. Even 
if they get low paid jobs, they will 
earn far more than they can at home. 
Many plan to send some o f the mon­
ey they make back to their families.
After arriving at the Libyan 
coast, the migrants have to find a 
boat. Criminal gangs, or people
smugglers, in Libya organise these 
boats. The migrants have to pay 
the gangs thousands of dollars for a 
place in one o f them. The boats then 
sail towards the island o f Lampedusa 
or Malta. Lampedusa is a part o f Ita­
ly. M alta is a separate island country. 
Like Italy, it is a member o f the EU.
The people smuggling boats are 
always overloaded. M ost are old 
and need repair. There is always a 
danger o f them sinking. However, if 
the boats manage to reach Lampe­
dusa or Malta their passengers may 
eventually be allowed to live in an 
EU country. Also, if a passing ship 
picks them up, the migrants will 
probably be taken to Italy. So far, af­
ter paying people smugglers, around
580,000 migrants have managed to 
cross the Mediterranean this year. 
Over 2,900 have drowned.
Under international law each 
country with a coastline has territo­
rial waters. This is an area o f sea that 
a country owns. Territorial waters 
extend to a point 12 nautical miles 
(22.2 kilometres, 13.8 miles) from 
their coast. Beyond this line the seas 
are ‘international w aters’. Some 
people smugglers send boats full of 
migrants into international waters. 
After a passing ship picks them up, 
the smugglers sail out and pick up 
their empty boats. These can then be 
used again. The EU navy force will 
pick up any migrants in boats and 
take them to Italy. Yet, now it can de­
stroy empty boats and arrest people 
smugglers if it catches them. How­
ever, the EU ships are not allowed to 
enter Libya’s territorial waters.
Many people have criticised 
the EU force. They say it has been 
set up far too late. Because o f the 
weather, most people trafficking 
happens during the summer months. 
Far fewer migrants try to make the 
crossing in winter. These people
also say that until the EU ships can 
enter Libya’s territorial waters, the 
force will be ineffective. □
A
urochs
return
A small herd o f unusual cattle were 
released in the Czech Republic on 
13 th August. Known as Tauros cattle, 
they are closely related to aurochs. 
Large numbers of aurochs used to 
live in Europe, North Africa and Asia 
for hundreds of thousands of years. 
The last one is believed to have died 
in Poland about 400 years ago.
The bones of aurochs have been 
found in many different places. The 
animals could grow to a height of 
two metres (6.5 feet). Aurochs had 
long horns and weighed more than 
one tonne. Pictures o f them can be 
seen in ancient cave paintings in 
Spain and France. Some o f these 
paintings are over 16,000 years old. 
Experts think that some aurochs 
were domesticated around 8,000 
years ago. M ost modern-day cows 
are probably descended from these 
domesticated aurochs.
Tauros cattle
Julius Caesar, the famous Roman 
general, wrote about seeing aurochs 
in Gaul (modern-day France) over
2,000 years ago. He said that they 
were only a little smaller than el­
ephants. As aurochs were very ag­
gressive, young men would try to 
prove their bravery by hunting and 
killing the animals.



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