Newsademic British English edition 260



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15th October 2015 
N e w s a d e m ic .co m ™
 - British English edition 
page 
8
known as ‘computers’, or ‘people 
who compute’.
In the 1820s Babbage designed a 
machine that he named the ‘Differ­
ence Engine’. However, only parts 
o f this machine were built. This was 
because Babbage decided to start 
work on a new device, which he 
called the Analytical Engine.
The Analytical Engine was dif­
ferent from his previous inven­
tion. This is because it could be 
‘programmed’ to do many things. 
It also had a memory and printer. 
The codes, or programmes, were 
made from ‘punch cards’. A person 
could therefore ‘w rite’ a punch card 
programme and then the Analytical 
Engine would do all the computing.
Trial m odel o f p a rt o f the Charles B a b b a g e ’s
Analytical Engine (Science Museum, London)
The codes for Babbage’s ma­
chines were written by Ada. Only a 
few parts o f the Analytical Engine 
were ever built. Much o f the Engine 
was to be made out o f brass and iron. 
It was to be powered by steam. If 
it had been completed the Engine 
would have been about the size o f a 
steam train.
M ost experts agree that the Ana­
lytical Engine was a ‘com puter’. 
Amazingly, the first modern com­
puters were not built until 100 years 
later in the 1940s. Experts say that, 
if it had been finished, Babbage’s 
machine, using A da’s programmes,
would have been more accurate than 
these early computers.
This year Ada Lovelace events 
took place in many different coun­
tries. The main one was held in a 
large hall in London, the capital 
o f the UK. There, several women 
who have been very successful in 
their careers spoke. They included 
a space engineer, an astrophysicist 
and a nanochemist. A new exhibi­
tion displaying some o f Ada Love­
lace’s work opened at the Science 
Museum in London. □
N
ew
G
ilgamesh
verses
The 
Epic o f Gilgamesh
is a very 
long poem. It is at least 4,000 years 
old. The poem is believed to be one 
o f the w orld’s oldest written stories. 
Two professors who work at a UK 
university have managed to trans­
late the script on a recently discov­
ered cuneiform tablet. The tablet is a 
missing part o f the Gilgamesh poem.
A Sumerian wrote the poem. 
Sumer was an ancient civilisa­
tion in Mesopotamia, or modern- 
day Iraq. The city o f Sumer was 
founded about 4,000 BCE, or
6,000 years ago. The people of 
Sumer used both the Sumerian and 
the Akkadian language. Gilgamesh 
was written in Akkadian. Their al­
phabet is known as cuneiform. It 
is made up o f different wedge-like 
shapes and lines. A ‘pen’ made 
from the stem o f a reed plant was 
used to write it. Cuneiform was 
written on soft, wet clay tablets. 
These were then left to dry out 
and harden. The name o f the script 
comes from the Latin word 
cu-
neus,
which means wedge.
Scholars believe that Gilgamesh 
was a real person. He was a king 
o f Sumer who lived between 4,800
and 4,500 years ago. In the poem 
Gilgamesh is half god and half 
human. He is the strongest and most 
powerful man in the world. Howev­
er, he begins to mistreat the people 
who live in his kingdom. The gods 
notice this and decided to send a 
wild man called Enkidu to challenge 
him. Gilgamesh and Enkidu fight 
against each other. Yet neither can 
win. They then become friends and 
go on a long adventure. Towards the 
end o f the poem, Gilgamesh meets 
Utnapishtim. The person who wrote 
the poem explains that Utnapishtim 
had previously saved the world 
from a great flood. The poem also 
describes how Utnapishtim did this.
The new ly discovered tablet o f the E pic o f
G ilgam esh (Iraqi Kurdistan Museum )
The tablet with some o f the miss­
ing verses is broken. It came from a 
museum in northern Iraq. In 2011, 
a local man offered to sell some 
cuneiform tablets to the museum. 
Museum workers thought that they 
may be important and agreed to 
pay US$800 (£517) for the broken 
pieces. Later, they discovered that 
the broken tablet contained missing 
verses from the 
Epic o f Gilgamesh

The two professors then started to 
work on the translation.
The recently translated verses 
tell how Gilgamesh and Enkidu 
visit a large forest. This is where an 
ogre, or monster, called Humbaba 
lives. Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill 
the ogre and his seven sons. They 
also destroy many o f the trees. This



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