Neft, uni qayta ishlash mahsulotlari, shuningdek, gaz kondensatlari ko'rinishidagi uglevodorod tizimlari insonning atrof-muhitiga, xususan, suv, tuproq va havoga juda salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatadi

Neft, uni qayta ishlash mahsulotlari, shuningdek, gaz kondensatlari ko'rinishidagi uglevodorod tizimlari insonning atrof-muhitiga, xususan, suv, tuproq va havoga juda salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatadi. Hozirgi vaqtda Rossiya yoqilg'i-energetika kompleksi korxonalari, shu jumladan neftni qazib olish va qayta ishlashga ixtisoslashgan korxonalar atrof-muhitni ifloslantiruvchi eng yirik sanoat manbalari hisoblanadi. Atmosferaga chiqarilayotgan turli zaharli moddalarning 48% dan ortigʻi, 30% qattiq maishiy chiqindilar, 27% ifloslangan suv chiqindilari va 70% dan ortigʻi issiqxona gazlari umumiy hajmining ulushiga toʻgʻri keladi. ifloslantiruvchi muhit, yoqilgʻi-energetika kompleksi korxonalari katta moliyaviy zarar koʻrmoqda.

Hydrocarbon systems in the form of oil, its refined products, as well as gas condensates have a very negative impact on the human environment, especially water, soil and air. Currently, the enterprises of the Russian fuel and energy complex, including enterprises specializing in oil extraction and refining, are the largest sources of industrial pollution. More than 48% of the total emissions, 30% of solid waste, 27% of polluted water and more than 70% of total greenhouse gases account for the total volume of emissions. polluting environment, fuel and energy enterprises are suffering huge financial losses.

Mutaxassislarning fikricha, hozirgi vaqtda megapolislar suv havzalarida neft mahsulotlari miqdori ruxsat etilgan kontsentratsiya darajasidan 9-15 baravar oshib ketgan, qishloq joylarda har yili minglab gektar yerlar toʻliq yoki eng yaxshi holatda qisman chiqarib yuborilmoqda. noma'lum muddatga iqtisodiy aylanma.

According to experts, currently the amount of oil products in megacities is 9-15 times higher than the permissible concentration, and in rural areas thousands of hectares of land are completely or partially removed every year. economic turnover for an indefinite period.

Shu munosabat bilan, tuproq qoplamini neft bilan ifloslanishdan tozalash va ularni keyinchalik o'zgartirish masalasi erta hal qilishning ustuvor yo'nalishi hisoblanadi. Afsuski, hozirgi vaqtda mutaxassislar neft va mahsulotlar darajasini, uning tuproqdagi o'zgarishini aniqlashning sertifikatlangan usullari, shuningdek, ushbu mahsulotlarning tuproqdagi ruxsat etilgan tarkibiga oid standartlarga ega emaslar. turli xil turlari... Jumladan, turli xil xo'jalik maqsadlaridagi tuproqlarda meliorativ ishlar amalga oshirilgandan so'ng ularning qoldiq tarkibi standartlari, bu esa o'z navbatida yoqilg'i-energetika kompleksi korxonalari va ekologik xizmatlar o'rtasidagi munosabatlarda ko'plab muammolar va tushunmovchiliklarning shakllanishiga olib keladi. erni keyinchalik qabul qilish bilan meliorativ ishlarni rejalashtirish va amalga oshirish qiyinligida.

In this regard, the issue of cleaning the soil cover from oil contamination and their subsequent replacement is a priority of early resolution. Unfortunately, at present, experts do not have certified methods for determining the level of oil and products, its variation in the soil, as well as standards for the permissible content of these products in the soil. different types ... In particular, the standards of their residual composition after reclamation works on soils of different economic purposes, which in turn greatly affect the relationship between the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex and environmental services. leads to the formation of problems and misunderstandings. in the difficulty of planning and carrying out reclamation works with subsequent acquisition of land.

Emissiya va chang muammosi ham dolzarb emas, chunki bu hodisaning natijasi gaz va changning ko'payishi shaklida atrof-muhitning ifloslanishidir. Misol tariqasida, zamonaviy voqelikda neftni qayta ishlash zavodlari faoliyati orqali atmosferaga 1050 ming tonnadan ortiq zararli ifloslantiruvchi moddalar chiqariladi, bunda maxsus filtrlarda tutilish ulushi umumiy hajmning 47 foizidan oshmaydi. Yoqilg'i-energetika korxonalarining atmosferaga chiqindilarining asosiy tarkibi:

uglevodorodlar - 23%,
uglerod - 7,3%,
oltingugurt - 16,6%,
azot - 2%.
The problem of emissions and dust is also not relevant, as the result of this phenomenon is pollution of the environment in the form of an increase in gas and dust. For example, in modern reality, more than 1,050,000 tons of harmful pollutants are released into the atmosphere through the operation of oil refineries, with the content of traps in special filters not exceeding 47% of the total. The main components of emissions from fuel and energy enterprises:

hydrocarbons - 23%,

carbon - 7.3%,
oltingugurt - 16.6%,
nitrogen - 2%.

Atmosferaga zarari .

Mutaxassislarning fikriga ko'ra, Rossiya neftni qayta ishlash sanoati o'z faoliyati jarayonida atmosferaga qayta ishlangan xom ashyoning 0,45% dan ko'prog'ini chiqaradi, shu bilan birga dunyoning yanada tsivilizatsiyalashgan va iqtisodiy jihatdan rivojlangan mamlakatlarida shunga o'xshash sanoat bundan ortiq bo'lmagan darajaga qat'iy rioya qiladi. atmosfera chiqindilarining 0,1% dan ortiq. Bundan tashqari, atrof-muhitga deyarli tuzatib bo'lmaydigan zararni neftni qayta ishlash zavodlarining olovli qurilmalari keltirib chiqaradi, chunki olovli pechlarda yoqilg'ining yonishi paytida uglerod va benzopirenning kondensatsiyasi mahsuloti bo'lgan aerozol zarralari hosil bo'ladi, bu ham kanserogen uglevodorod hisoblanadi.
Damage to the atmosphere.
According to experts, the Russian oil refining industry emits more than 0.45% of the processed raw materials into the atmosphere during its operation, while similar industries in the more civilized and economically developed countries of the world strictly adheres to a level not exceeding. more than 0.1% of atmospheric emissions. In addition, almost irreparable damage to the environment is caused by the refractory devices of oil refineries, as during the combustion of fuel in furnaces, aerosol particles are formed, which are the products of condensation of carbon and benzopyrene, which is also a carcinogenic hydrocarbon.

Hozirgi vaqtda neftni qayta ishlashning ekologik muammolariga gidrosferaning neft va neft mahsulotlari bilan ifloslanishi muammosi ham kiradi, bu esa sayyoramiz suv havzasining kichik daryolar va suv omborlaridan Jahon okeanigacha to'liq ifloslanish xavfini anglatadi. Xuddi shu ro'yxatda er osti suvlarining neft va neft mahsulotlari bilan ifloslanishi muammosi mavjud, chunki neftni qayta ishlash zavodlarining oqava suvlari suv havzalariga katta miqdordagi zararli moddalarni - xloridlar, sulfitlar, fenollar, to'xtatilgan qattiq moddalar, og'ir moddalar shaklida neft mahsulotlarini olib keladi. metall tuzlari, azot birikmalari va boshqalar "qulay »Umuman atrof-muhitga, xususan, inson salomatligiga ta'sir qiladi. Ta’kidlash joizki, ulkan sunami to‘lqinlari, zilzilalar va shunga o‘xshash ko‘rinishdagi tabiiy ofatlar tankerlarni neft mahsulotlari bilan to‘ldirishi, shuningdek, port neft omborlari va neft bazalarining vayron bo‘lishi bilan birga kechadi.

Currently, the environmental problems of oil refining also include the problem of pollution of the hydrosphere with oil and oil products, which means the risk of complete pollution of the planet's watershed from small rivers and reservoirs to the World Ocean. In the same list there is a problem of contamination of groundwater with oil and oil products, because the wastewater of oil refineries releases large amounts of harmful substances into water bodies - chlorides, sulfites, phenols, suspended solids, petroleum products in the form of heavy substances will bring. metal salts, nitrogen compounds, etc. "comfortable" affect the environment in general, and human health in particular. replenishment will also be accompanied by the destruction of port oil depots and oil depots.
Ekologik muammolar neftni qayta ishlash zavodlari xom neft konini o'zlashtirish va uni qayta ishlash zavodlariga tashish bosqichida paydo bo'ladi, chunki neft qazib olish jarayonida atrof-muhitning asosiy ifloslantiruvchi moddalari uglevodorodlar shaklida hosil bo'lib, umumiy emissiyaning taxminan 50% ni tashkil qiladi. Uglerod oksidi ulushi 47,4% ni, turli xil qattiq moddalar ulushi esa 4,3% ni tashkil qiladi, bunda zararli moddalarni tutib olish 2,5% dan ko'p emas.
Environmental problems arise during the development of oil refineries and transportation of crude oil to refineries, as the main pollutants in the oil production process are formed in the form of hydrocarbons, which account for about 50% of total emissions. . The share of carbon monoxide is 47.4%, and the share of various solids is 4.3%, with the retention of harmful substances not exceeding 2.5%.

Statistik ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, har yili neft-gaz majmuasida 60 dan ortiq yirik avariyalar va 20 mingdan ortiq holatlar ro'y beradi, bu esa keyinchalik neftning suv havzalariga tushishi bilan katta miqdorda to'kilishiga, neftni qayta ishlash zavodlari ishchilarining o'limiga olib keladi. moddiy xarajatlar... Bundan tashqari, shuni yodda tutish kerakki, ushbu ma'lumotlarni to'liq va ishonchli deb hisoblash mumkin emas, chunki yirik baxtsiz hodisalarning aksariyati jamoatchilikdan yashiringan.

According to statistics, every year there are more than 60 major accidents and more than 20,000 accidents at the oil and gas complex, which can lead to large-scale spills with the subsequent spillage of oil into water bodies, which can lead to the death of oil refinery workers. leads to lim. material costs ... Also, keep in mind that this information cannot be considered complete and reliable, as most major accidents are hidden from the public.

Neftni neftni qayta ishlash zavodlariga tashish ham dolzarb muammolar bilan birga keladi. Hozirgi vaqtda neft ishlab chiqarish maydonlaridan neftni qayta ishlash zavodlariga quvur yoki suv orqali tankerlarda yoki temir yo'l orqali maxsus temir yo'l sisternalarida tashiladi. Quvurlar orqali tashish iqtisodiy jihatdan eng foydali hisoblanadi, chunki bu holda neftni quyish qiymati temir yo'l yoki suv transportida tashish narxidan bir necha baravar past bo'ladi. — Источник: Biroq, neftni quvurlar orqali tashish jiddiy ekologik muammolar bilan birga keladi, chunki diametri 300 dan 1200 mm gacha bo'lgan quvurlar korroziya hosil bo'lishiga va quvurlar ichida neft tarkibidagi kerosinlar va qatronlarning cho'kishiga moyil bo'ladi. buning natijasi Xizmat ular vaqt o'tishi bilan tiqilib qoladi va yorilib ketadi. Natijada, neft tuproq va suvga kiradi. Mutaxassislarning fikriga ko'ra, ko'pgina quvurlardagi avariyalar tabiiy biotsenozlarga qaytarib bo'lmaydigan zarar etkazadi. Rossiya hududida neftni quyishning o'rtacha diapazoni 1500 km ni tashkil qiladi, bu ham o'z vaqtida ta'mirlash va rekonstruksiya qilish bilan butun uzunlik bo'ylab neft quvurlarini texnik nazorat qilishni talab qiladi.

Transportation of oil to refineries also comes with pressing problems. Currently, oil is transported from production sites to refineries by pipeline or water in tankers or by rail in special railway cisterns. Pipeline transportation is the most cost-effective, as in this case the cost of refueling will be several times lower than the cost of transportation by rail or water. - Source: However, the transportation of oil through pipelines is accompanied by serious environmental problems, as pipes with a diameter of 300 to 1200 mm are prone to corrosion and deposition of kerosene and resins in the oil inside the pipes. as a result of Service they become clogged and cracked over time. As a result, the oil enters the soil and water. According to experts, accidents in many pipelines cause irreversible damage to natural biocenoses. The average range of oil injection in the territory of Russia is 1,500 km, which also requires technical inspection of oil pipelines along the entire length with timely repair and reconstruction.

Havoning ifloslanishi .

Hozirgi vaqtda atrof-muhit ifloslanishining asosiy va shubhasiz manbai neftni qayta ishlash zavodlaridir, chunki ular dunyoning har bir mamlakatida har kuni atmosferaga nafaqat atmosferaga, balki ekologik xavfsizlik nuqtai nazaridan qabul qilib bo'lmaydigan miqdorda zararli moddalarni chiqaradilar. suv va tuproqqa ham kiradi. Zararli moddalar hosil bo'lishining asosiy manbai emissiya tarkibiga kiruvchi 100 dan ortiq turdagi zararli moddalarni hosil qiluvchi katalitik kreking jarayonlari hisoblanadi. Ular orasida atrof-muhit va inson salomatligiga zararli:
Bu moddalarning deyarli barchasi har qanday tirik mavjudot uchun o'likdir, chunki ular qisqa vaqt ichida nafas olish tizimining patologiyalarini, xususan, bronxit, bronxial astma va asfiksiya kabi kasalliklarni qo'zg'atadi.
Air pollution.
Currently, the main and undoubted source of environmental pollution is oil refineries, as they emit into the atmosphere every day in every country of the world not only the atmosphere, but also unacceptable amounts of environmental safety. water and soil. The main source of harmful substances is catalytic cracking processes, which produce more than 100 types of harmful substances that are part of the emission. Among them are harmful to the environment and human health:
Almost all of these substances are deadly to any living thing, as they quickly provoke pathologies of the respiratory system, in particular, diseases such as bronchitis, bronchial asthma and asphyxia.

Gazsimon chiqindilarda ko'p miqdorda qattiq zarrachalar mavjud bo'lib, ular ham nafas yo'llarining shilliq qavatlariga joylashadi va shu bilan normal nafas olish jarayonlariga to'sqinlik qiladi. Bundan tashqari, azot va oltingugurt oksidlarining atrof-muhitga emissiyasi alkanlar qatoridagi birikmalar bilan birgalikda sayyorada iqlimning keyingi o'zgarishi bilan issiqxona effektining paydo bo'lishiga olib keladi va umuman yaxshi emas.

Gaseous wastes contain large amounts of solid particles, which also settle in the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, thereby interfering with normal respiratory processes. In addition, the emission of nitrogen and sulfur oxides into the environment, together with the alkane series compounds, leads to a greenhouse effect with subsequent climate change on the planet, and is generally not good.

Neftni qayta ishlash zavodlari tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan gazlarning ko'p qismi atmosferaga kirib, suv bilan o'zaro ta'sir qiladi, natijada er yuzasiga kislotali yomg'ir shaklida tushadigan kislotalar hosil bo'ladi, bu esa istisnosiz barcha tirik organizmlarga zararli ta'sir ko'rsatadi. Bundan tashqari, neftni qayta ishlash zavodlari chiqindilarining tarkibiy qismlari stratosferada ozon bilan reaksiyaga kirishadi, uni yo'q qiladi va shu bilan ozon teshiklarini hosil qiladi. Sayyorada yashovchi va ozon teshiklari orqali kuchli mutagen bo'lgan qisqa to'lqinli ultrabinafsha nurlanishining qattiq ta'siriga duchor bo'lgan barcha tirik mavjudotlar uchun ham halokatli narsa.

Most of the gases produced by oil refineries enter the atmosphere and interact with water, resulting in the formation of acids that fall to the surface in the form of acid rain, which is harmful to all living organisms without exception. shows. In addition, components of oil refinery wastes react with ozone in the stratosphere, destroying it and thereby forming ozone holes. It is also devastating to all living things that live on the planet and are strongly exposed to short-wave ultraviolet radiation, which is a strong mutagen through ozone holes.

Jahon okeani suvining ifloslanishi .

Neftni qayta ishlashning ekologik muammolari jahon okeanini ham chetlab o'tmadi. Strukturaviy ravishda, neftni qayta ishlash zavodlaridan chiqindi suvlar ikki xil kanalizatsiya tizimi orqali chiqariladi qayta ishlatmoq birinchi tizimning chiqindi suvlari. Holbuki, ikkinchi kanalizatsiya tizimining suvlari fenollar, benzollar, alkanlar, alkenlar va boshqa uglevodorod birikmalari ko'rinishidagi ifloslantiruvchi moddalar bilan boyitilgan holda to'g'ridan-to'g'ri tabiiy suv omborlariga chiqariladi. Amaliyot shuni ko'rsatadiki, neftni qayta ishlash zavodlarining oqava suvlarini tozalash tartibi mutlaqo samarasizdir.
Pollution of the world's oceans.
The environmental problems of oil refining have not bypassed the world ocean. Structurally, wastewater from oil refineries is discharged through two different sewer systems to reuse the wastewater from the first system. However, the water of the second sewage system is discharged directly into natural reservoirs, enriched with pollutants in the form of phenols, benzenes, alkanes, alkenes and other hydrocarbon compounds. Practice shows that the procedure of wastewater treatment of oil refineries is absolutely inefficient.

“Avtomobil transportining qishloq ekologiyasiga ta’siri” ilmiy-tadqiqot ishida qishloq markazidagi avtomobillardan chiqayotgan gazlar bilan havo ifloslanishi muammosi ochib berilgan. Bu muammo har yili yozda sodir bo'ladi. Chang tutqichlarini yasagan, shuningdek, oddiy tajribalar o'tkazgan va natijani matematik hisob-kitoblar bilan qayta ishlagan Pavel o'z qishlog'i uchun bu muammoni isbotladi.

The study "Impact of road transport on rural ecology" reveals the problem of air pollution with exhaust fumes from cars in the village center. This problem occurs every summer. Paul, who made dust traps, as well as conducted simple experiments and processed the result with mathematical calculations, proved this problem for his village.