t fhf_gl dh]^Z hldehg_gb_ kj_^g_c lhqdb
kljmgujZ\ghgmex
=jZnbdg_]h^blky^ey^jm]bolhq_dkljmguldZfieblm^ZbohlebqgZ
hlZfieblm^ukj_^g_clhqdb>eykj_^gbolhq_dkljmg^jm]boZjnhg
l_f[he__g_]h^blkylZddZdhgbbf_xlbgu_qZklhludhe_[Zgbc
;ff
WfF
36.
GZ^h ^\Z h^bgZdh\uo dZf_jlhgZ jZkiheh`blv gZ g_dhlhjhf
jZkklhygbb^jm]hl^jm]ZlZdqlh[uboj_ahgZlhjgu_ysbdb[ueb
h[jZs_gu ^jm] d ^jm]m ?keb l_i_jv m^Zjblv ih h^ghfm ba gbo b
q_j_ag_dhlhjh_\j_fyaZ]emrblvijbdhkgm\rbkvjmdhcd g_fmlh
fu mkeurbf a\md hl \lhjh]h dZf_jlhgZ < hkgh\_ ^Zggh]h hiulZ
e_`bly\e_gb_a\mdh\h]hj_ahgZgkZ
37.
Ihevamykv ]jZnbdhf hij_^_ey_f Z ijb =p Zfieblm^Z
mklZgh\b\rboky dhe_[Zgbc [m^_l [hevr_ q_f ijb =p [ qlh[u
Zfieblm^Z mklZgh\b\rboky dhe_[Zgbc [ueZ fZdkbfZevghc dZq_eb
gZ^hih^lZedb\Zlvk qZklhlhc=p\ kh[kl\_ggZyqZklhlZdZq_e_c
jZ\gZqZklhl_\ugm`^Zxs_ckbeul_=p
38.
>Zgh:
l
kf f
m
] d]
B = 4
⋅
10
-2
Le
J_r_gb_
F
l
= F
f
; mg = BIl
⇒
I =
f
0,1
Le
10
4
fk
9,8
d]
002
,
0
2
2
⋅
⋅
⋅
=
−
Bl
mg
=
= 4,9 A.
GZclbI.
Hl\_l: I = 4,9 A.
39.
< ^Zgghf kemqZ_ jhev p_gljhklj_fbl_evghc kbeu \uihegy_l
kbeZ k dhlhjhc fZ]gblgh_ ihe_ ^_ckl\m_l ^\b`msbcky we_dljhg
IhevamykvijZ\behfe_\hcjmdbhij_^_ey_fqlhwe_dljhg\e_l_e\
dZf_jm\ lhqd_<.
63
40.
>Zgh
v = 3
⋅
10
7
fk
|
_| = 1,6
⋅
10
-19
De
m = 9,1
⋅
10
-31
d]
B = 8,5
⋅
10
-3
Le
J_r_gb_
F
pk
= F
f
;
r
mv
2
= B|
_| v
⇒
r =
|
| e
B
mv
=
=
De
10
,6
1
Le
10
5
,
8
fk
10
3
d]
10
1
,
9
19
-
3
7
31
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
−
−
= 2
⋅
10
-2
f
GZclbr.
Hl\_l r = 2
⋅
10
-2
f
41.
< j_amevlZl_
β
jZkiZ^Z
e
-
0
1
14
7
14
6
N
C
+
→
.
42.
He
N
Al
4
2
24
11
1
0
27
13
+
→
+
n
.
43.
He
N
X
Al
4
2
7
3
10
4
7
5
2
3
10
5
+
→
+
−
+
−
+
⇒
X
10
4
7
5
2
3
−
+
−
+
=
n
1
0
²g_cljhg
64
EZ[hjZlhjgu_jZ[hlu
EZ[hjZlhjgZyjZ[hlZ
Bkke_^h\Zgb_jZ\ghmkdhj_ggh]h^\b`_gby[_agZqZevghckdhjhklb
P_evjZ[hlum[_^blvky\ jZ\ghmkdhj_gghfoZjZdl_j_^\b`_gby
[jmkdZb hij_^_eblv_]hmkdhj_gb_b f]gh\_ggmxkdhjhklv
< ^Zgghf\ZjbZgl_jZ[hlubkke_^mxloZjZdl_j^\b`_gby[jmkdZ
ih gZdehgghc iehkdhklb K ihfhsvx ijb[hjZ bah[jZ`_ggh]h gZ
jbk Z mq_[gbdZ fh`gh baf_jylv fh^meb \_dlhjh\
i_j_f_s_gbckh\_jr_gguo[jmkdhfaZijhf_`mldb\j_f_gbt
1
, t
2
=
2t
1
, t
3
=
= 3t
1
,…, t
n
= nt
1
hlkqblu\Z_fuohlfhf_glZgZqZeZ^\b`_gby?keb
aZibkZlv^ey^Zgguofh^me_c\_dlhjh\i_j_f_s_gbcbo\ujZ`_gby
2
2
1
1
at
s
=
,
( )
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
s
t
a
at
s
=
==
=
,
( )
3
2
2
1
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
2
s
t
a
at
s
=
=
=
,…,
( )
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
s
n
nt
a
at
s
n
n
=
=
=
,
lhfh`ghaZf_lblvke_^mxsmxaZdhghf_jghklv
s
1
: s
2
: s
3
: … : s
n
= 1
2
: 2
2
: 3
2
:…: n
2
= 1 : 4 : 9 :…: n
2
.
?keb wlZ aZdhghf_jghklv \uihegy_lky ^ey baf_j_gguo \ jZ[hl_
fh^me_c\_dlhjh\i_j_f_s_gbclhwlhb [m^_l^hdZaZl_evkl\hflh]h
qlh ^\b`_gb_ [jmkdZ ih gZdehgghc iehkdhklb y\ey_lky
jZ\ghmkdhj_gguf
Ijbf_j\uiheg_gbyjZ[hlu.
AZ^Zgb_ Bkke_^h\Zgb_oZjZdl_jZ^\b`_gby[jmkdZihgZdehgghc
iehkdhklb
t, c
0
0,
02
0,
04
0,
06
0,
08
0,
10
0,
12
0,
14
0,
16
0,
18
0,
20
0,
22
0,
24
0,
26
0,
28
0,
30
s
ff
0
1
3
7
15
24
36
50
65
82
102
126
146
170
198
227
1
2
s
s
= ff
1
ff
3
= 3,
1
3
s
s
= ff
1
ff
7
= 7,
1
4
s
s
=
ff
1
ff
15
= 15,
1
5
s
s
=
ff
1
ff
24
= 24,
65
1
6
s
s
=
ff
1
ff
36
= 36,
1
7
s
s
=
ff
1
ff
50
= 50,
1
8
s
s
=
ff
1
ff
65
= 65,
1
9
s
s
=
ff
1
ff
82
=82,
1
10
s
s
=
ff
1
ff
102
= 102,
1
11
s
s
=
ff
1
ff
126
= 126,
1
12
s
s
=
ff
1
ff
146
= 146,
1
13
s
s
=
=
ff
1
ff
170
= 170,
1
14
s
s
=
ff
1
ff
198
= 198,
1
15
s
s
=
ff
1
ff
227
= 227.
Hlkx^ZgZoh^bf
s
1
: s
2
: s
3
: s
4
: s
5
: s
6
: s
7
: s
8
: s
9
: s
10
: s
11
: s
12
: s
13
: s
14
: s
15
=
= 1 : 3 : 7 : 15 : 24 : 36 : 50 : 65 : 82 : 102 : 126 : 146 : 170 : 198 : 227.
WlZ aZdhghf_jghklv g_ hq_gv kbevgh hlebqZ_lky hl l_hj_lbq_kdhc
aZdhghf_jghklb ^ey jZ\ghmkdhj_ggh]h ^\b`_gby LZdbf h[jZahf
fh`gh kqblZlv qlh ^\b`_gb_ [jmkdZ ih gZdehgghc iehkdhklb
y\ey_lkyjZ\ghmkdhj_gguf
AZ^Zgb_ Hij_^_e_gb_mkdhj_gby^\b`_gby[jmkdZ
Mkdhj_gb_[m^_f\uqbkeylvihnhjfme_a =
2
2
t
s
.
t
10
= 0,2 c; s
10
= 102
ff = 0,102 f; a
1
=
(
)
2
k
0,2
f
102
,
0
2
⋅
= 5,1
f/k
2
.
t
15
= 0,3 c; s
15
= 227
ff = 0,227 f; a
1
=
(
)
2
k
0,3
f
227
,
0
2
⋅
≈
5,04
f/k
2
.
a
kj
=
2
fk
04
,
5
fk
1
,
5
2
2
2
2
1
+
=
+
a
a
fk
2
.
AZ^Zgb_ Hij_^_e_gb_ f]gh\_gghc kdhjhklb [jmkdZ \ jZagu_
fhf_glu \j_f_gb b ihkljh_gb_ ]jZnbdZ aZ\bkbfhklb f]gh\_gghc
kdhjhklbv hl\j_f_gbt.
AgZq_gb_f]gh\_gghckdhjhklb[m^_f\uqbkeylvihnhjfme_v = at.
t = 0,1 c; v
fk
2
⋅
k fk
t = 0,2 c; v
fk
2
⋅
k fk
t = 0,3 c; v
fk
2
⋅
k fk
=jZnbdaZ\bkbfhklbf]gh\_gghckdhjhklb v hl\j_f_gb t.
66
t, c
v,
fc
>hihegbl_evgh_ aZ^Zgb_ Ihkljh_gb_ ]jZnbdZ aZ\bkbfhklb
dhhj^bgZlu x [jmkdZ hl \j_f_gb t. x
0
= 0, t
0
= 0, x
i
(t
i
) = s
i
, i =
1,2,3,…,15.
x,
ff
t, c
P_ev jZ[hlu hij_^_eblv mkdhj_gb_ ^\b`_gby rZjbdZ b _]h
f]gh\_ggmxkdhjhklvi_j_^m^Zjhfh pbebg^j
>\b`_gb_ rZjbdZ ih gZdehgghfm `_eh[m y\ey_lky
jZ\ghmkdhj_gguf ?keb fu hlimklbf [_a gZqZevghc kdhjhklb
rZjbd b baf_jbf ijhc^_ggh_ bf jZkklhygb_ s ^h klhedgh\_gby k
pbebg^jhf b \j_fy t hl gZqZeZ ^\b`_gby ^h klhedgh\_gby lh fu
fh`_fjZkkqblZlv_]hmkdhj_gb_ihnhjfme_a =
2
2
t
s
.
AgZymkdhj_gb_afufh`_fhij_^_eblvf]gh\_ggmxkdhjhklvv ih
nhjfme_
v = at.
Ijbf_j\uiheg_gbyjZ[hlu.
Qbkeh
m^Zjh\
f_ljhghfZ
n
JZkklhygb_
s
f
^\b`_gby
t, c
Mkdhj_gb_
a =
2
2
t
s
fk
2
F]gh\_ggZy
kdhjhklv
v = at
fk
3
0,9
1,5
0,8
1,2
67
t = 0,5 c
⋅
3 = 1,5 c; a =
( )
2
k
1,5
f
9
,
0
2
⋅
fk
2
; v
fk
2
⋅
k fk
EZ[hjZlhjgZyjZ[hlZ
Baf_j_gb_mkdhj_gbyk\h[h^gh]hiZ^_gby
P_ev jZ[hlu baf_jblv mkdhj_gb_ k\h[h^gh]h iZ^_gby k
ihfhsvxijb[hjZ^eybamq_gby^\b`_gbyl_e
K\h[h^gh_ iZ^_gb_ l_eZ y\ey_lky jZ\ghmkdhj_gguf ^\b`_gb_f
?keb fu hlimklbf [_a gZqZevghc kdhjhklb dZdhcgb[m^v ]jma gZ
mklZgh\d_hk\h[h`^Z_faZ`bf b baf_jbfijhc^_ggh_bfjZkklhygb_
s
b \j_fytaZdhlhjh_[uehijhc^_ghwlhjZkklhygb_lhfufh`_f
jZkkqblZlvmkdhj_gb_k\h[h^gh]hiZ^_gbyihnhjfme_g =
2
2
t
s
.
Ijbf_j\uiheg_gbyjZ[hlu.
^\b`_gbyt =
nT, c
Imlvsff
Imlvsf
Mkdhj_gb_k\h[h^gh]h
iZ^_gbyg = 2s/t
2
fk
2
0,28
400
0,4
n = 14; t = 14
⋅
0,02 c = 0,28 c; g
wdki
=
(
)
2
k
28
,
0
f
0,4
2
⋅
≈
fk
2
.
∆
g = |g
wdki
– g
l_hj
_ _fk
2
±fk
2
_ fk
2
.
%
100
fk
8
,
9
fk
4
,
0
%
100
2
2
⋅
=
⋅
∆
g
g
≈
4,1 %.
EZ[hjZlhjgZyjZ[hlZ
Bkke_^h\Zgb_aZ\bkbfhklbi_jbh^Zb qZklhluk\h[h^guo
dhe_[Zgbcgblygh]hfZylgbdZhl_]h^ebgu
P_evjZ[hlu\uykgblvdZdaZ\bkyli_jbh^b qZklhlZk\h[h^guo
dhe_[Zgbcgblygh]hfZylgbdZhl_]h^ebgu
Ijbbaf_g_gbb^ebgugblygh]hfZylgbdZf_gy_lky_]hqZklhlZb
i_jbh^ < ^Zgghc jZ[hl_ fu ^he`gu hij_^_eblv wlm aZ\bkbfhklv
I_jbh^ b qZklhlm hij_^_ey_f ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf Hldehgbf
rZjbdfZylgbdZhliheh`_gbyjZ\gh\_kbygZg_[hevrmxZfieblm^m
b aZk_q_f \j_fy t \ l_q_gb_ dhlhjh]h fZylgbd kh\_jrbl N .
dhe_[Zgbc Lh]^Z i_jbh^ b Zfieblm^m fh`gh ihkqblZlv ih
nhjfmeZf
68
.
T
1
,
t
N
N
t
T
=
=
ν
=
Baf_jyy i_jbh^ b qZklhlm ijb jZaguo agZq_gbyo ^ebgu fZylgbdZ
ful_fkZfufihemqZ_faZ\bkbfhklvi_jbh^Zb qZklhluhl^ebgu
Ijbf_j\uiheg_gbyjZ[hlu.
hiulZ
Nba\_e
1
2
3
4
5
l
kf
5
20
45
80
125
N
30
30
30
30
30
t, c
13
27
40
53
67
T, c
0,43
0,9
1,33
1,77
2,23
ν
,
=p
2,31
1,11
0,75
0,57
0,45
Ba ^Zgguo \ lZ[ebp_ fh`gh aZf_lblv lZdmx aZdhghf_jghklv q_f
[hevr_ ^ebgZ fZylgbdZ l_f [hevr_ i_jbh^ b f_gvr_ qZklhlZ b
gZh[hjhl
>hihegbl_evgh_aZ^Zgb_.
P_ev aZ^Zgby \uykgblv dZdZy fZl_fZlbq_kdZy aZ\bkbfhklv
kms_kl\m_lf_`^m^ebghcfZylgbdZb i_jbh^hf_]hdhe_[Zgbc
1
2
T
T
≈
2
1
3
T
T
≈
3
1
4
T
T
≈
4
1
5
T
T
≈
5
1
2
l
l
= 4
1
3
l
l
= 9
1
4
l
l
= 16
1
2
l
l
= 25
Ba ^Zgguo \ lZ[ebp_ ohjhrh ijhkfZljb\Z_lky k\yav f_`^m i_jbh^hf
dhe_[ZgbcfZylgbdZb _]h^ebghc
1
1
l
l
T
T
k
k
=
]^_k fh`_lijbgbfZlv
b
EZ[hjZlhjgZyjZ[hlZ
Bamq_gb_y\e_gbywe_dljhfZ]gblghcbg^mdpbb
P_evjZ[hlubamqblvy\e_gb_we_dljhfZ]gblghcbg^mdpbb
DZdba\_klghy\e_gb_we_dljhfZ]gblghcbg^mdpbbaZdexqZ_lky
\ \hagbdgh\_gbbwe_dljbq_kdh]hlhdZ\ aZfdgmlhfijh\h^gbd_ijb
baf_g_gbb fZ]gblgh]h ihlhdZ ijhgbau\Zxs_]h ho\Zq_ggmx
ijh\h^gbdhfiehsZ^v
Ijbf_j\uiheg_gbyjZ[hlu.
1.
K[hjdZmklZgh\db jbkmq_[gbdZ
2.
< i_j\hfhiul_bg^mdpbhgguclhd\hagbdZe\ dZlmrd_\ kemqZ_
dh]^Z fZ]gbl ^\b]Zeky hlghkbl_evgh dZlmrdb Ijb lhjfh`_gbb
fZ]gblZ kbeZ bg^mdpbhggh]h lhdZ j_adh \hajZklZeZ b iZ^ZeZ ^h
gmeydh]^ZfZ]gblhklZgZ\eb\Zeky ihdhbeky
69
3.
Baf_g_gb_ fZ]gblgh]h ihlhdZ y\ey_lky ijbqbghc \hagbdgh\_gby
bg^mdpbhggh]hlhdZL_fZ]gblgucihlhd
Φ
ijhgbau\ZxsbcdZlmrdm
f_gyeky\f_kl_k bg^mdpbhgguflhdhfl_\h\j_fy^\b`_gbyfZ]gblZ
4.
Bg^mdpbhgguc lhd \hagbdZe \ dZlmrd_ ijb baf_g_gbb
fZ]gblgh]hihlhdZijhgbau\Zxs_]hwlmdZlmrdm
5.
Ijbijb[eb`_gbbfZ]gblZd dZlmrd_fZ]gblgucihlhdf_gyeky
ld fZ]gblguc ihlhd aZ\bkbl hl fh^mey \_dlhjZ fZ]gblghc
bg^mdpbb B
U
fh^mev wlh]h \_dlhjZ g_ ihklhyg_g ld fZ]gblgh_
ihe_ihklhyggh]hfZ]gblZg_h^ghjh^gh
6.
GZijZ\e_gb_ bg^mdpbhggh]h lhdZ [m^_l jZaebqguf ijb
ijb[eb`_gbbfZ]gblZd dZlmrd_b m^Ze_gbb_]hhlg__
7.
Q_f [hevr_ kdhjhklv ^\b`_gby fZ]gblZ hlghkbl_evgh dZlmrdb
l_f [hevr_ fZ]gblguc ihlhd
Φ
Z ke_^h\Zl_evgh b agZq_gb_
bg^mdpbhggh]hlhdZ
8.
K[hjdZmklZgh\db jbkmq_[gbdZ
9.
Bg^mdpbhgguclhd\hagbdZ_l\ kemqZyoZ b \
10.
FZ]gblgucihlhdf_gy_lky\ kemqZyoZ b \
11.
mq_[gbdZ Bg^mdpbhgguclhd\hagbdZ_l\ jZfd_\jZsZxs_cky
\ fZ]gblghf ihe_ \ke_^kl\b_ baf_g_gby fZ]gblgh]h ihlhdZ
y\e_gb_we_dljhfZ]gblghcbg^mdpbb
EZ[hjZlhjgZyjZ[hlZ
Bamq_gb_^_e_gbyy^_jmjZgZihnhlh]jZnbyflj_dh\
P_ev jZ[hlu m[_^blvky \ kijZ\_^eb\hklb aZdhgZ khojZg_gby
bfimevkZgZijbf_j_^_e_gbyy^_jmjZgZ
Ijbf_j\uiheg_gbyjZ[hlu.
AZ^Zgb_Y^jhmjZgZijbaZo\Zl_g_cljhgZjZa^_ey_lkyijbf_jghgZ
^\_jZ\gu_qZklbdhlhju_gZau\ZxlkyhkdhedZfb^_e_gbyIjbwlhf
hkdhedb jZae_lZxlky \ ijhlb\hiheh`gu_ klhjhgu Wlh fh`gh
h[tykgblv gZ hkgh\_ aZdhgZ khojZg_gby bfimevkZ Bfimevk y^jZ
mjZgZ ^h aZo\ZlZ g_cljhgZ ijZdlbq_kdb jZ\_g gmex Ijb aZo\Zl_
g_cljhgZy^jhihemqZyhlg_]hg_dhlhjucbfimevkjZkdZeu\Z_lkygZ
^\_ jZae_lZxsboky qZklb fZkkZfb m
1
b m
2
?keb aZibkZlv aZdhg
khojZg_gbybfimevkZ
2
2
1
1
0
v
m
v
m
U
U
′
+
′
=
lhkjZam \b^ghqlhkdhjhklb
h[jZah\Z\rbokyhkdhedh\ijhlb\hiheh`ghgZijZ\e_gu^jm]^jm]mb
ke_^h\Zl_evghqZklbpujZae_lZxlky\ ijhlb\hiheh`gu_klhjhgu
AZ^Zgb_ .
n
n
Z
0
56
0
92
2
X
Ba
U
+
+
→
+
< kbem aZdhgZ khojZg_gby
aZjy^ZaZibr_f Z + 2
⋅
Hlkx^ZihemqZ_fZ Ih
lZ[ebp_>BF_g^_e__\Zhij_^_ey_fqlhwlhy^jhdjbilhgZ
70
EZ[hjZlhjgZyjZ[hlZ
Bamq_gb_lj_dh\aZjy`_gguoqZklbpih ]hlh\ufnhlh]jZnbyf
P_evjZ[hluh[tykgbloZjZdl_j^\b`_gbyaZjy`_gguoqZklbp
Ijbf_j\uiheg_gbyjZ[hlu.
AZ^Zgb_ Lj_db qZklbp ^\b`msboky \ fZ]gblghf ihe_
bah[jZ`_gugZjbkmq_[gbdZldgZwlbonhlh]jZnbyobo
ljZ_dlhjbbdjb\hebg_cgu
AZ^Zgb_ Z
α
qZklbpu ^\b]Zebkv ke_\Z gZijZ\h [ H^bgZdh\Zy
^ebgZ lj_dh\
α
qZklbp ]h\hjbl h lhf qlh hgb bf_eb h^bgZdh\mx
wg_j]bx \ LhesbgZ lj_dZ mlhesZ_lky aZ kq_l lh]h qlh
mf_gvrZeZkvkdhjhklvbaaZklhedgh\_gbck qZklbpZfbkj_^u
AZ^Zgb_ Z JZ^bmk djb\bagu f_gyeky aZ kq_l lh]h qlh
mf_gvrZeZkv kdhjhklv baaZ klhedgh\_gbc k fhe_dmeZfb \h^u [
QZklbpu ^\b]Zebkv kijZ\Z gZe_\h baaZ lh]h qlh lhesbgZ lj_dh\
kijZ\ZgZe_\hm\_ebqb\Z_lky
AZ^Zgb_ Z We_dljhg ihklhyggh l_jye k\hx kdhjhklv aZ kq_l
khm^Zj_gbc k qZklbpZfb kj_^u b ihwlhfm lj_d bf__l nhjfm
kibjZeb[ We_dljhg^\b]Zeky\ gZijZ\e_gbbk]ms_gbykibjZebih
mdZaZgghc\ur_ijbqbg_\ Lj_dgZjbk^ebgg__ihlhfmqlh
hg\ f_gvr_ckl_i_gb\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lk kj_^hc
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |