Poverty also has a distinct regional pattern.
The Index of Multiple Deprivation
33
indicates a strong
concentration of impoverished areas in the East and South-East of the country, in particular along the areas
that border Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Such pattern has historical roots having in mind the devasta-
tions in this part of the country during the Homeland war 1991-1995 and for some part (particularly areas
along the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina) decades of lagging behind the rest of Croatia. Govern-
ment’s efforts to support more territorially balanced development are challenged by the significant frag-
mentation of the administration at the local and regional level, which reduces its institutional capacity to
undertake appropriate interventions. Geography plays a particularly important role in shaping local devel-
opment of specific territories such as islands and hilly and mountainous regions. As for the role of urban
areas as key growth centers, after a long period of neglect by national policy makers, major cities have
received support thanks to improvements in the regional policy framework and use of specific EU-funded
instruments, so called integrated territorial investments.
129.
General government expenditures for social protection are lower than the EU average, but
higher than in most of the new member states.
In 2017, Croatia’s government expenditure for social
protection amounted to 14.3 percent of GDP, while the EU-28 average was 18.8 percent.
34
Estimates show
that social protection expenditures have significant impact on poverty distribution, as poverty would have
been 9 percent higher without social transfers.
130.
Effectiveness of the current social protection system can be improved, especially with regard to
the amount of the benefits and criteria for the selection of users.
For example, the Guaranteed Mini-
mum Benefit’s impact on the poorest section of the population seems to be quite modest due to its very
low monetary value in comparison to the poverty threshold. Similarly, reliefs for children in the income
tax system are insignificant for families with low incomes, as they pay little or no tax, and thus they are
highly regressive in nature. With regard to institutional capacity, social welfare centers, as the main social
policy stakeholder at the local level, should be further strengthened by providing them with adequate work-
ing conditions i.e. strengthening their capabilities to become true coordinators of all social services in the
local community.
Pension system
131.
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