Namangan davlat universiteti ingliz filologiyasi fakulteti amaliy ingliz tili kafedrasi

Motivation refers to goal-directed behavior (cf. Heckhausen, 1991), and when one is attempting to measure motivation, attention can be directed toward a number of features of the individual. The motivated individual spends effort, is persistent and attentive to the task at hand, has goals ,desires, and aspirations, enjoys the activity, experiences reinforcement form success and disappointment from failure, makes attributions from success concerning success and/or failure, is aroused ,and makes use of strategies to aid in achieving goals. That is, the motivated individual exhibits many behaviors, feelings, cognitions, etc., that the individual who is unmotivated does not. (A.-M.Masgoret & R.C.Gardner, 2002) Motivation can be classified into intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. The following are brief definitions of intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. 1. Intrinsic Motivation "Intrinsic motivation occurs when we act without any obvious external rewards. We simply enjoy an activity or see it as an opportunity to explore, learn, and actualize our potentials."(Coon & Mitterer, 2010) "Intrinsic motivation refers to the reason why we perform certain activities for inherent satisfaction or pleasure; you might say performing one of these activities in reinforcing in-and-of itself."(Brown, 2007) The factors that they identify as increasing intrinsic motivation are:
 Challenge: People are more motivated when they pursue goals that have personal meaning, that relate to their self-esteem, when performance feedback is available, and when attaining the goal is possible but not necessarily certain.
 Curiosity: Internal motivation is increased when something in the physical environment grabs the individual's attention (sensory curiosity) and when something about the activity stimulates the person to want to learn more (cognitive curiosity).
 Control: People want control over themselves and their environments and want to determine what they pursue.
 Cooperation and Competition: Intrinsic motivation can be increased in situations where people gain satisfaction from helping others and also in cases where they are able to compare their own performance favorably to that of others.
 Recognition: People enjoy having their accomplishment recognized by others, which can increase internal motivation. (http://www. pshchology.about.com) 2. Extrinsic Motivation "Extrinsic motivation refers to our tendency to perform activities for known external rewards, whether they be tangible (e.g., money) or psychological (e.g., praise) in nature."(Brown, 2007) "Motivation can come from the outside, such as the motivation to win medals, receive financial rewards, and attract attention from the media. This is known as external, or extrinsic, motivation because it involves participation in sport for some kind of reward that is external to the process of participation."(Karageorghis & Terry, 1969)