N. V. Tatsenko introduction to theoretical phonetics of english

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Tatsenko phonetics

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• English Affricates and Nasals Affricates

Place of articulation

	Lab io- dental	Den tal	Alveo lar	Post­ alveolar	Glot tal
Fortis "voiceless"	[f]	[0]	[s]	Ш	[h]
Lenis "voiced"	[v]	[6]	[z]	[3]

With the exception of glottal, each place of articulation has a pair of phonemes, one fortis and one lenis. This is similar to what was seen with the plosives. The fortis fricatives are said to be articulated with greater force than the lenis, and their friction noise is louder. The lenis fricatives have very little or no voicing in initial and final positions, but may be voiced when they occur between voiced sounds. The fortis fricatives have the effect of shortening a preceding vowel in the same way as fortis plosives do. Thus in a pair of words like 'ice' [ais] and 'eyes' [aiz], the [ai] diphthong in the first word is considerably shorter than [ai] in the second. Since there is only one fricative with glottal place of articulation, it would be rather misleading to call it fortis or lenis (which is why it is placed in the middle).

2. 
   English Affricates and Nasals
   

Affricates are sounds that are similar to both plosives and fricatives: the tip of the tongue touches the back part of the teeth ridge, the front part of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate. The air is trapped for a short time because of a complete obstruction between the tip of the tongue and the teeth ridge, then the obstruction is released slowly and the friction is heard. The voiceless affricate is [tf as in chain, whereas [d3], as in jelly, is voiced.
As with the plosives and most of the fricatives, we have a fortis/lenis pair, and the voicing characteristics are the same as for these other consonants, [tf] is slightly aspirated in the positions where [p], [t], [k] are aspirated, but not strongly enough for it to be necessary for foreign learners to give much attention to it. The place of articulation is the same as for [f], [3] - that is, it is post-alveolar. This means that the [t] component of [tf has a place of articulation rather further back in the mouth than the [t] plosive usually has. When [tf] is final in the syllable, it has the effect of shortening a preceding vowel, as do other fortis consonants. [tf], [d3] often have rounded lips.
So far we have studied two major groups of consonants - the plosives and fricatives - and also the affricates; this gives a total of seventeen. There remain the nasal consonants and four others - 1, r, w, j; these four are not easy to fit into groups. All of these seven consonants are continuants and usually have no friction noise, but in other ways they are very different from each other.
There are three nasal consonants in English: bilabial [m], alveolar [n], and velar [g]. Nasals are consonants which, like plosives, are produced by completely blocking the airstream. But there is an important difference: the airflow escapes through the nasal cavity (hence the term nasals). For this to
happen, the soft palate must be lowered; in the case of all the other consonants and vowels of English, the soft palate is raised and air cannot pass through the nose. In nasal consonants, however, air does not pass through the mouth; it is prevented by a complete closure in the mouth at some point. If you produce a long sequence dndndndndn without moving your tongue from the position for alveolar closure, you will feel your soft palate moving up and down. The three types of closure are: bilabial (lips), alveolar (tongue blade against alveolar ridge) and velar (back of tongue against the palate). This set of places produces nasal consonants which correspond to the three places of articulation for the pairs of plosives [p] [b], [t][d], [k] [g].
T
he lips are firmly kept together forming the complete obstruction. The active articulator is the lower lip; the passive articulator is the upper lip. The soft palate is lowered and the air escapes through the nasal cavity. The vocal cords are vibrating.

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