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Functional differences between Vs and Cs are defined by their role in syllable formation: Vs are syllable forming elements, Cs are units which function at the margins of syllables, either singly or in clusters.
These differences make it logical to consider each class of sounds independently. Figure 3.5 illustrates the system of English sounds:
E
Voice
[b] [d] [g] ЙЗ] l' l [4] И [ш] [n] [n] [W] И
Consonants
[p][b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [f] [v][6] M [3] И ШЫ [П1] [n) И [w] [t/] №1 [h] [1] [j] [r]
Monophthongs
[ж]
[U]
[Л]
Voiceless
[pirawM [strnm [в] IS]
Э:
Diphthongs [ei] [ai] [oi] [au] [ou] [io] [eo] [uo]
V
Diphthongoids
№1 [”;]
nglish sounds
Figure 3.5 - The system of English Sounds
THE LIST OF REFERENCES
Collins Beverly, Inger M. Mees. Practical Phonetics and Phonology : A Resource Book for Students. Second Edition. New York : Routledge, 2008. 305 p.
Cruttenden Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. Seventh edition. Routlege, 2013. 362 p.
Giegerich Heinz. English Phonology : An Introduction. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1992. 333 p.
Jenkins Jennifer. The Phonology of English as an International Language. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2000. 258 p.
Kreidler Charles W. The Pronunciation of English. A Course Book. Second edition. Blackwell Publishing, 2004. 313 p.
Ladefoged Peter, Johnson Keith. A Course in Phonetics. Seventh edition. Cengage Learning, 2014. 352 p.
McMahon April. An Introduction to English Phonology. Edinburg University Press, 2002. 159 p.
Morley J. Pronunciation Pedagogy and Theory : New Views, New Dimensions. Alexandria, VA : TESOL, 1994. 156 p.
Roach Peter. English Phonetics and Phonology. A Practical course. Fourth edition. Cambridge Universuty Press, 2009. 231 p.
Vrabel Т. T. Lectures in Theoretical Phonetics of the English Language and Method-Guides for Seminars. Ungvar : PoliPrint, 2009. 176 p.
Авраменко Б. В. Теоретична фонетика сучасно! англшсько! мови : навчальний поабник. Одеса : видавець Букаев Вадим Вшторович, 2019. 93 с.
Дворжецька М. П. Фонетика анпшйсько! мови : фоностилютика i риторика мовленнево! комушкаци. Вшниця : Нова книга, 2005. 208 с.
Паращук В. Ю. Теоретична фонетка англшсько! мови : навчальний поабник для студенпв факультетiв iноземних мов. Вшниця : Нова книга, 2009. 232 с.
QUESTIONS
Define the term 'phoneme'.
Who originated the physical view of the phoneme?
How many phonemes are there in English language?
Define the term 'allaphone'.
Who coined the term 'allophone'?
Which allophones are called principal?
Which allophones are called subsidiary?
What is the difference between phonological and phonetic mistakes?
What is transcription?
Describe the methods of phonological analysis.
Which major subtypes are all the sounds subdivided into?
What is a vowel?
What is a consonant?
Describe articulatory difference between vowels and consonants.
Describe acoustic difference between vowels and consonants.
What is the functional difference between vowels and consonants?
PRACTICAL TASK
1. How many phonemes do you think there are in the following words?
a) love b) half c) wrist d) shrink
ought
2. State what type of distribution is illustrated by the following examples: a) shoe, pool, food, boot; b) foot - fit, book - back, book - bark; c) deciduous [di'sidjuas] - [dfsid3uas]
UNIT 4. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF CONSONANTS
English Plosives
Factors relevant for the classification of consonants include the manner of articulation, the place of articulation, and voicing.
With regard to the manner of articulation, English consonants can be classified into plosives, fricatives, affricates, nasals, and approximants (liquids and semivowels).
A plosive is a consonant articulation with the following characteristics:
one articulator is moved against another, or two articulators are moved against each other, so as to form a stricture that allows no air to escape from the vocal tract. The stricture is, then, total;
after this stricture has been formed and air has been compressed behind it, it is released - that is, air is allowed to escape.
if the air behind the stricture is still under pressure when the plosive is released, it is probable that the escape of air will produce noise loud enough to be heard. This noise is called plosion;
there may be voicing during part or all of the plosive articulation;
To give a complete description of a plosive consonant we must describe what happens at each of the following four phases in its production:
the first phase is when the articulator or articulators move to form the stricture for the plosive. We call this the closing phase;
the second phase is when the compressed air is stopped from escaping. We call this the compression phase;
the third phase is when the articulators used to form the stricture are moved so as to allow air to escape. This is the release phase;
the fourth phase is what happens immediately after (3), so we will call it the post-release phase.
There are six plosives in English: bilabial [p] and [b], alveolar [t] and [d], and velar [k] and [g].
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