N., and Bakry, N. M. (2006)

<04 Article Title>. Yaowu Shipin Fenxi 10: <25 Page(s)>.

Chemical of Concern: FVL, TCZ; Habitat: <40 Habitat Code>; Effect Codes: <08 Effects Code>.

Li, Gwo-Chen, Wong, Sue-San, and Tsai, Mei-Chen (2002). Safety evaluation and regulatory control of pesticide residues in Taiwan. Yaowu Shipin Fenxi 10: 269-277.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: TCZ,DCNA Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

Because agricultural prodn. in Taiwan depends heavily on the use of pesticides, much attention has been focused on pesticide contamination of food and on the effects of pesticide residues on human health. The Taiwan Agricultural Chems. and Toxic Substances Research Institute (TACTRI) conducts tests to evaluate the safe usage of pesticides in Taiwan. In accordance with the Pesticide Control Act, min. harvest intervals and tolerance levels for pesticides used on different crop groups are established before pesticides are approved for use in the field. The \"tolerance\" level of pesticides for different crop groups is detd. on the basis of: (i) the acceptable daily intake value of the pesticide; (ii) the av. daily consumption of each crop group by the Taiwanese people; and (iii) the level of pesticide residues on different crops, estd. from supervised trials. Tolerance levels must be established before registrations can be approved. Pesticide residues on vegetables and fruits are under heavy public scrutiny. Fifteen workstations for pesticide residue control have been set up by the TACTRI in different localities in Taiwan, and multi-residue methods are used for the anal. of these products. Pesticide residues commonly found on vegetables have now been identified. Educational programs for farmers have been devised, based on the anal. results obtained from these workstations. Risk assessments of dietary intakes of pesticides are carried out on a continuing basis. Results have shown that the dietary intake of pesticide residues by consumers is within safe limits. [on SciFinder (R)] food/ risk/ contamination/ pesticide/ vegetable Copyright: Copyright 2004 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Database: CAPLUS
Accession Number: AN 2003:188976
Chemical Abstracts Number: CAN 139:5880
Section Code: 17-5
Section Title: Food and Feed Chemistry
Document Type: Journal
Language: written in English.
Index Terms: Food contamination; Fruit; Human; Pesticides; Risk assessment; Vegetable (safety evaluation and regulatory control of pesticide residues in Taiwan)
CAS Registry Numbers: 52-68-6 (Trichlorfon); 55-38-9 (Fenthion); 56-38-2 (Parathion); 60-51-5 (Dimethoate); 62-73-7 (Dichlorvos); 63-25-2 (Carbaryl); 86-50-0 (Azinphos-methyl); 90-15-3 (1-Naphthol); 99-30-9 (Dicloran); 114-26-1 (Propoxur); 115-29-7 (Endosulfan); 115-32-2 (Dicofol); 115-90-2 (Fensulfothion); 116-06-3 (Aldicarb); 116-29-0 (Tetradifon); 119-12-0 (Pyridaphenthion); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 122-14-5 (Fenitrothion); 133-06-2 (Captan); 141-66-2 (Dicrotophos); 148-79-8 (Thiabendazole); 298-00-0 (Parathion-methyl); 298-02-2 (Phorate); 299-84-3 (Fenchlorphos); 300-76-5 (Naled); 330-55-2 (Linuron); 333-41-5 (Diazinon); 470-90-6 (Chlorfenvinphos); 563-12-2 (Ethion); 584-79-2 (Allethrin); 732-11-6 (Phosmet); 786-19-6 (Carbophenothion); 919-86-8 (Demeton-s-methyl); 944-21-8 (Dyfoxon); 944-22-9 (Fonofos); 950-10-7 (Mephosfolan); 950-37-8 (Methidathion); 1085-98-9 (Dichlofluanid); 1113-02-6 (Omethoate); 1129-41-5 (Metolcarb); 1563-66-2 (Carbofuran); 1582-09-8 (Trifluralin); 1646-87-3 (Aldicarb-sulfoxide); 1646-88-4 (Aldicarb-sulfone); 1897-45-6 (Chlorothalonil); 2032-65-7 (Methiocarb); 2104-64-5 (EPN); 2104-96-3 (Bromophos); 2275-23-2 (Vamidothion); 2310-17-0 (Phosalone); 2425-06-1 (Captafol); 2439-01-2 (Chinomethionat); 2540-82-1 (Formothion); 2597-03-7 (Phenthoate); 2631-37-0 (Promecarb); 2631-40-5 (Isoprocarb); 2655-14-3 (XMC); 2921-88-2 (Chlorpyriphos); 3766-81-2 (Fenobucarb); 4658-28-0 (Aziprotryne); 4824-78-6 (Bromophos-ethyl); 5598-13-0 (Chlorpyrifos-methyl); 6923-22-4 (Monocrotophos); 7292-16-2 (Propaphos); 7696-12-0 (Tetramethrin); 7786-34-7 (Mevinphos); 10265-92-6 (Methamidophos); 10311-84-9 (Dialiphos); 10605-21-7 (Carbendazim); 13067-93-1 (Cyanofenphos); 13071-79-9 (Terbufos); 13171-21-6 (Phosphamidon); 13194-48-4 (Ethoprophos); 13457-18-6 (Pyrazophos); 13593-03-8 (Quinalphos); 14816-18-3 (Phoxim); 15972-60-8 (Alachlor); 16655-82-6 (3-Hydroxycarbofuran); 16709-30-1 (3-Ketocarbofuran); 16752-77-5 (Methomyl); 17109-49-8 (Edifenphos); 18181-80-1 (Bromopropylate); 18854-01-8 (Isoxathion); 19666-30-9 (Oxadiazon); 21609-90-5 (Leptophos); 22224-92-6 (Fenamiphos); 22781-23-3 (Bendiocarb); 23184-66-9 (Butachlor); 24017-47-8 (Triazophos); 25311-71-1 (Isofenphos); 26087-47-8 (Iprobenfos); 27355-22-2 (Fthalide); 29232-93-7 (Pirimiphos-methyl); 30560-19-1 (Acephate); 31972-44-8 (Fenamiphos-sulfone); 32809-16-8 (Procymidone); 34643-46-4 (Prothiofos); 34681-10-2 (Butocarboxim); 36519-00-3 (Phosdiphen); 36734-19-7 (Iprodione); 38260-54-7 (Etrimfos); 39300-45-3 (Dinocap); 39515-41-8 (Fenpropathrin); 40487-42-1 (Pendimethalin); 41198-08-7 (Profenophos); 41483-43-6 (Bupirimate); 42509-80-8 (Isazofos); 42576-02-3 (Bifenox); 43121-43-3 (Triadimefon); 50471-44-8 (Vinclozolin); 50512-35-1 (Isoprothiolane); 51218-45-2 (Metolachlor); 51630-58-1 (Fenvalerate); 52315-07-8 (Cypermethrin); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); 52918-63-5 (Deltamethrin); 55219-65-3 (Triadimenol); 57511-62-3 (Propaphos-sulfoxide); 57511-63-4 (Propaphos-sulfone); 57837-19-1 (Metalaxyl); 59669-26-0 (Thiodicarb); 60168-88-9 (Fenarimol); 60207-90-1 (Propiconazole); 60238-56-4 (Chlorthiophos); 63284-71-9 (Nuarimol); 66230-04-4 (Esfenvalerate); 66246-88-6 (Penconazole); 66841-25-6 (Tralomethrin); 67375-30-8; 68049-83-2 (Azafenidin); 68085-85-8 (Cyhalothrin); 68359-37-5 (Beta-cyfluthrin); 69327-76-0 (Buprofezin); 69377-81-7 (Fluroxypyr); 69409-94-5 (Fluvalinate); 69806-40-2 (Haloxyfop-methyl); 70124-77-5 (Flucythrinate); 76738-62-0; 79983-71-4 (Hexaconazole); 82657-04-3 (Bifenthrin); 83121-18-0 (Teflubenzuron); 85509-19-9 (Flusilazole); 86479-06-3 (Hexaflumuron); 86598-92-7 (Imibenconazole); 88283-41-4 (Pyrifenox); 88671-89-0 (Myclobutanil); 89784-60-1 (Pyraclofos); 94361-06-5 (Cyproconazole); 95465-99-9 (Cadusafos); 96489-71-3 (Pyridaben); 98886-44-3 (Fosthiazate); 101463-69-8 (Flufenoxuron); 104030-54-8 (Carpropamid); 107534-96-3 (Tebuconazole); 112281-77-3 (Tetraconazole); 114369-43-6 (Fenbuconazole); 116255-48-2 (Bromuconazole); 119446-68-3 (Difenoconazole); 133855-98-8 (Epoxiconazole); 143390-89-0 (Kresoxim-methyl); 146887-37-8 (RH9130); 146887-38-9 (RH9129); 172838-11-8 (Tokuoxon) Role: ADV (Adverse effect, including toxicity), BIOL (Biological study) (safety evaluation and regulatory control of pesticide residues in Taiwan)
Li, L. H. and Hui, S. W. ( 1997). The effect of lipid molecular packing stress on cationic liposome-induced rabbit erythrocyte fusion. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1323: 105-116.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

The effect of curvature stress on the efficiency of cationic liposome-induced fusion between rabbit erythrocytes was studied. Multilamellar cationic liposomes containing 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammoniumpropane (DOTAP) and different PEs (1,2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (dilin-PE), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (POPE), and lysophosphatidylethanolamine, egg (lyso-PE)) were used to induce cell-cell fusion. It was found that high cell-cell fusion yield (FY) of about 50% could be achieved in sucrose solution by using cationic liposomes containing 50% DOTAP. Cell-cell fusion was assayed by shape criterion and was verified by fluorescence microscopy, using a membrane dye mixing method. The curvature stress, as a result of mixing unsaturated PEs in cationic liposomes, had a significant effect on cell-cell FY which increased with the degree of acyl chain unsaturation, in the order dilin-PE>DOPE>POPE>lyso-PE. Replacement of dilin-PE, DOPE, or POPE by lyso-PE gradually in cationic liposomes lowered the cell-cell FY from 50% to 1%. Furthermore, cationic liposome-induced cell lysis, and fusion between cationic liposomes and cells, as assayed by the N-(lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl)-1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, triethylammonium salt and N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)-1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, triethylammonium salt (Rh-PE/NBD-PE) energy transfer method, followed the same order as that for cell-cell fusion. Fusion between the negatively charged PS liposomes and cationic liposomes also followed the same order. The electric double layer screening by electrolytes in NaCl-containing solution and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was found to reduce the cell-cell FY and cell lysis. These findings suggest that liposome-induced cell-cell fusion was achieved by cationic liposomes serving as fusion-bridges among cells. DOTAP/ Cell-cell fusion/ Liposome cell fusion/ Curvature stress effect/ Bending energy/ Cationic lipid/ Erythrocyte/ (Rabbit)

Li, P. C. H., Swanson, E. J., and Gobas FAPC (2002). Diazinon and Its Degradation Products in Agricultural Water Courses in British Columbia, Canada. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology [Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.]. Vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 59-65. 2002.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: FATE.

ISSN: 0007-4861

Descriptors: Diazinon
Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Insecticides
Descriptors: Enzymes
Descriptors: Toxicity
Descriptors: Degradation Products
Descriptors: Environmental Protection
Descriptors: Contamination
Descriptors: Insect Control
Descriptors: Water
Descriptors: Canada, British Columbia
Abstract: Diazinon (O,O'-diethyl O-[4-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-4-pyrimidinyl] phosphorothioate) is an organophosphorus insecticide. It was first commercially introduced in 1952, and it is still commonly used in Canada and elsewhere for insect control. The insecticide inhibits an enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), in insects that breaks down the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh). Without the functioning enzyme, ACh builds up in the synaptic junction, causing incoordination, convulsions and, ultimately, death of insects. However, it has been established by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that a diazinon concentration of 350 ng/L may be toxic to aquatic organisms (Amato et al. 1992). Toxicity of diazinon to humans has also been reported (Chapman & Hall 1996; Cox 1992). For instance, fatal human dose was reported to be about 90-444 mg/kg (Chapman & Hall 1996), and two EPA surveys found that diazinon was the 6 super(th) most frequent cause of accidental death due to pesticides (USEPA 1988). While diazinon is considered as moderately toxic, a more toxic impurity, O,O,O,O-tetraethyl dithiopyrophosphate (sulfotepp), has been found in the pesticide formulations of diazinon (Meier et al. 1979). Sulfotepp, which is 1000 times more toxic than diazinon (Sovocool et al. 1981), may exist either as an impurity in the manufacture of diazinon or as a breakdown product in the presence of trace water in the pesticide formulation. But, in the presence of large amount of water, sulfotepp was not formed (Ruzicka et al. 1967; Karr 1985). This is probably due to hydrolytic degradation of diazinon into harmless products.
DOI: 10.1007/s00128-002-0010-0
Language: English
Publication Type: Journal Article
Classification: SW 3020 Sources and fate of pollution
Classification: X 24136 Environmental impact
Classification: AQ 00008 Effects of Pollution
Subfile: Water Resources Abstracts; Aqualine Abstracts; Toxicology Abstracts

Li, Qiu-Tian and Kam, Wai Kuen (1997). Steady-state fluorescence quenching for detecting acyl chain interdigitation in phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 35: 11-22.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

In the present study we have demonstrated the detection of the transition of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) multilamellar vesicles from the noninterdigitated gel to the fully interdigitated gel phase in the presence of ethanol or ethylene glycol (EG) using the method of fluorescence quenching. This method is based on the change of accessibility of 2-(12-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)dodecanoyl-1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phophatidylcholine (NBD-PC), a membrane-buried fluorophore, to iodide, a quencher in the aqueous solution, during the phase transition. It is found that accessible fluorophore appears to increase at ethanol and EG concentrations known for inducing DPPC interdigitation. This increase in accessibility is either due to the relocation of the fluorescent moiety closer to the lipid-water interface or an increase in the ability of the quencher to penetrate into the loosely packed headgroup region of the interdigitated domain or both. Our results suggest the coexistence of interdigitated and noninterdigitated phases in the phospholipid vesicles and the method of fluorescence quenching might be useful in quantitating the percentage of phospholipids which are interdigitated. Fluorescence quenching/ Interdigitation/ NBD-PC

Li, W., Dobraszczyk, B. J., and Wilde, P. J. (2004). Surface properties and locations of gluten proteins and lipids revealed using confocal scanning laser microscopy in bread dough. Journal of Cereal Science 39: 403-411.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Surface properties of gluten proteins were measured in a dilation test and in compression and expansion tests. The results showed that monomeric gliadin was highly surface active, but polymer glutenin had almost no surface activity. The locations of those proteins in bread dough were investigated using confocal scanning laser microscopy and compared with polar and nonpolar lipids. Added gluten proteins participated in the formation of the film or the matrix, surrounding and separating individual gas cells in bread dough. Gliadin was found in the bulk of dough and gas ‘cell walls’. Glutenin was found only in the bulk dough. Polar lipids were present in the protein matrix and in gas ‘cell walls’, as well as at the surface of some particles, which appeared to be starch granules. However, nonpolar lipid mainly occurred on the surface of particles, which may be starch granules and small lipid droplets. It is suggested that the locations of gluten proteins in bread dough depends on their surface properties. Polar lipid participates the formation of gluten protein matrix and gas ‘cell walls’. Nonpolar lipids may have an effect on the rheological properties by associating with starch granule surfaces and may form lipid droplets. Confocal scanning laser microscopy/ Surface tension/ Rheological properties/ Gliadin/ Glutenin/ Polar lipid/ Nonpolar lipid/ Bread dough

Li, Yan-Tuan, Yan, Cui-Wei, Guo, Bing-Ran, and Liao, Dai-Zheng (1997). Synthesis, characterization and magnetic properties of novel [mu]-isophthalato oxovanadium(IV) binuclear complexes. Polyhedron 16: 4379-4384.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Four novel oxovanadium(IV) binuclear complexes have been synthesized, namely [(VO)2(IPHTA) (L)2SO4 (L denotes 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy); 1,10-phenanthroline (phen); 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine (Me2bpy) and 5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline (NO2-phen)), where IPHTA is the isophthalate dianon. Based on elemental analyses, molar conductivity measurements, IR and electronic spectra studies, it is proposed that these complexes have IPHTA-bridged structures and consist of two vanadium(IV) atoms in a square-pyramidal environment. The complexes [(VO)2(IPHTA)(Me2bpy)2]SO4 (1) and [(VO)2(IPHTA)(bpy)2]SO4 (2) were characterized by variable temperature magnetic susceptibility (4-300 K) and the data could be well fitted by the least-squares method to a susceptibility equation derived from the spin Hamiltonian operator, . The exchange integral, J, was found to be -26.8 cm-1 for (1) and -31.0 cm-1 for (2). These results are commensurate with antifferomagnetic interactions between two oxovanadium(IV) ions within each molecule. The influence of different terminal ligands on magnetic interactions between the metals of this kind of complexes is also discussed. oxovanadium(IV)/ [mu]-isophthalato-bridge/ nuclear complex/ synthesis/ characterization/ magnetism

Lichtenstein, E. P. (1975). Chemical Residue Interactions and Effects in Soil-Plant-Animal Systems. Proc.and Rep.of Two Resear.Co-Ordination Meetings Organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Div.of Atomic Energy in Food and Agriculture, Nov.5-9, 1973 and June 4-7, 1974, Vienna, Austria 3-7.

EcoReference No.: 51519

Chemical of Concern: HCCH,DDT,ATZ,PCB,DZ,CBF,PRT; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: ACC,GRO,MOR; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS,TARGET-ATZ).

Lichtenstein, E. P. (1966). Increase of Persistence and Toxicity of Parathion and Diazinon in Soils with Detergents. J.Econ.Entomol. 59: 985-993.

EcoReference No.: 65456

Chemical of Concern: DZ,PRN,AND,AZ,HCCH; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Lichtenstein, E. P., Liang, T. T., and Anderegg, B. N. (1973). Synergism of Insecticides by Herbicides. Science 181: 847-849.

EcoReference No.: 2939

Chemical of Concern: SZ,24DXY,ATZ,DZ,PRT,PRN,CBF,DDT,DLD; Habitat: AT; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: LITE EVAL CODED(ATZ,SZ),OK(24DXY),NO ENDPOINT(DZ,PRT,PRN,CBF,DDT,DLD).

Lichtenstein, E. P., Liang, T. T., and Anderegg, B. N. (1975). Synergism of Insecticides by Herbicides Under Various Environmental Conditions. Environ.Conserv. 2: 148.

Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 65412
Chemical of Concern: ATZ,SZ,24DXY,CBF,DDT,PRN,DZ Rejection Code: REVIEW.

Lieber, E., Rao, C. N. R., and Keane, F. M. (1963). Phenyl lead (IV) azides--preparation, properties and infra-red spectra. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 25: 631-635.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

Two stable tetravalent lead azides, triphenyl lead azide and diphenyl lead diazide have been prepared and characterized. Physical properties such as crystal morphology, infra-red spectra, X-ray diffraction, solubility and thermal behaviour are reported.

LIESS, M., SCHULZ, R., LIESS, M. H-D, ROTHER, B., and KREUZIG, R. (1999). Determination of insecticide contamination in agricultural headwater streams. WATER RESEARCH; 33 239-247.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: METHODS.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A headwater stream in an agricultural catchment in Northern-Germany was intensively monitored for insecticide occurrence (lindane, parathion-ethyl, fenvalerate). Brief insecticide inputs following precipitation with subsequent surface runoff result in high concentrations in water and suspended matter (e.g. fenvalerate: 6.2 mug l-1, 302 mug kg-1). These transient insecticide contaminations are typical for headwater streams with an agricultural catchment area, but have been rarely reported in such extent. Event controlled sampling methods for the determination of this runoff related contamination with a time resolution of up to 1 h are introduced. The temporal distribution of the insecticide concentration is shown on different time scales (years, months, hours) over a period of 4 years. The measured concentrations are compared with other references. Insecticide losses due to surface water runoff were calculated between 0.01-0.07% of the applied insecticide. Air Pollution/ Soil Pollutants/ Water Pollution

Lifshitz, M., Shahak, E., and Sofer, S. (1999Apr). Carbamate and organophosphate poisoning in young children. Pediatr Emerg Care 1999 Apr;15(2):102-3. 15: 102-3.
Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: MOM Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH.

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE: Retrospective evaluation of the clinical course of carbamate and organophosphate poisoning in young children. DESIGN: The records of 36 children intoxicated with carbamate and 16 children intoxicated with organophosphate (age range: 2 to 8 years, median: 2.8 years) were examined retrospectively. The carbamate agents were identified as methomyl or aldicarb, and the organophosphate as parathion, fenthion, malathion, and diazinon. The causes of poisoning were accidental ingestion in 46 children and inhalation in six children. CLINICAL SETTING: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of a teaching hospital. INTERVENTIONS: Gastric lavage was performed, and activated charcoal was administered to all children who had ingested poisonous pesticides. Atropine sulphate was administered intravenously in repeated doses to all children with bradycardia, diarrhea, salivation, and miosis. Obidoxime chloride was administered to patients with organophosphate poisoning and to those in whom the ingested material was unidentified on admission. RESULTS: Predominant symptoms were related to central nervous system depression and severe hypotonia. Other clinical signs such as miosis, diarrhea, salivation, bradycardia, and fasciculation were less frequent, while tearing and diaphoresis were not observed. Pulmonary edema developed in six patients with organophosphte poisoning. Three children required mechanical ventilation for several hours. One child (organophosphate poisoning) died shortly after arrival at the emergency department. All other children recovered completely. CONCLUSION: Based on a relatively large group of young pediatric patients with carbamate and organophosphate poisoning, it is concluded that the clinical presentation differed from those described in adults. Absence of classic muscarinic effects does not exclude the possibility of cholinesterase inhibitor agents poisoning in young children with central nervous system depression.

Lilly, J. H., Mohiyudden, S., Prabhuswamy, H. P., Samuel, J. C., and Shetty, S. V. R. (1969). Effects of Insecticide-Treated Rice Plants and Paddy Water on Vertebrate Animals. Mysore J.Agric.Res. 3: 371-379.

EcoReference No.: 37713

Chemical of Concern: DZ,CBL,PRT; Habitat: AT; Effect Codes: MOR; Rejection Code: NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Lima Alejandro and Vega Libia (2005). Methyl-parathion and organophosphorous pesticide metabolites modify the activation status and interleukin-2 secretion of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Toxicology Letters [Toxicol. Lett.]. Vol. 158, no. 1, pp. 30-38. Jul 2005.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DZ Rejection Code: IN VITRO.

ISSN: 0378-4274

Descriptors: Pesticides
Descriptors: Interleukin 2
Descriptors: Metabolites
Descriptors: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Descriptors: Toxicity
Descriptors: CD25 antigen
Descriptors: CD69 antigen
Descriptors: phytohemagglutinins
Descriptors: Cell proliferation
Abstract: Organophosphorous (OP) compounds are the most commonly used pesticides. There are reports on susceptibility to the toxic effects of OP pesticides, but no information exists regarding the toxicity of their metabolites. To determine the metabolites' contribution to the OP pesticide immunotoxic effects, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were treated with the parent compound methyl-parathion (MP) and the following OP pesticide alkyl-phosphorous metabolites: diethylphosphate (DEP), diethylthiophosphate (DETP), diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP), dimethylphosphate (DMP), and dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP). Activation and function of the PBMCs were examined by assessment of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced proliferative response, interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion, and CD25 and CD69 expression. Treatments with DMP, DEP, DETP and DEDTP for 48 h produced significant toxicity in human PBMCs, but did not affect their proliferative response to PHA. Only MP reduced cell proliferation by 30%. DEDTP decreased the proportion of PBMCs expressing CD25. This effect was associated with a reduction of IL-2 secretion, which was also reduced by MP and DMP treatments. In contrast, DETP and DEDTP treatments increased the expression of CD69. DMP, DETP and DEDTP were more consistently involved in modulating the PBMC response to PHA.