Мuzaffar Choriyev Мuхаmmаdi G‘opporov

to open (o‘timli)

2. ochilmoq The library opened at 10 o’clock.

(o‘timsiz) Kutubxona o‘nda ochildi.
1. boshlamoq I begin work at nine o’clock.

To begin (o‘timli) Men ishni soat to‘qqizda boshlayman.

2. boshlanmoq Our English lessons begin at nine o’clock.

(o‘timsiz) Ingliz tili darslarimiz to‘qqizda boshlanadi.
1. tushirmoq He dropped his pencil.

To drop (o‘timli) U qalamini tushirib qo‘ydi.

2. tushmoq The apple dropped to the ground.

(o‘timsiz) Olma yerga tushdi.
To grow 1. o‘stirmoq We grow cotton. Biz paxta yetishtiramiz.
(o‘timli)

2. o‘moq Beautifaul flowers grow in the garden.

(o‘timsiz) Bog‘da chiroyli gullar o‘sadi.

2. 
   Ingliz tilidagi ba’zi o‘timli fe’llarga o‘zbek tilida o‘timsiz fe’llar to‘g‘ri keladi: to follow kuzatmoq, ergashmoq, to approach yaqinlashmoq.
   

3. 
   
   

Ple ase follow me.	Iltimos, mening orqamdan yuring.
He approached the house.	U uyga yaqinlashdi.

4. Ingliz tilidagi ba’zi o‘timsiz fe’llarga o‘zbek tilida otimli fe’llar to‘g‘ry keladi: to listen to -ni tinglamoq, to wait for –ni kutmoq:

Listen to me, please.	Meni tinglang, iltimos.
She is waiting for her brother.	U akasini kutayapti.

THE PASSIVE VOICE

(MAJHUL NISBAT)

The sun attracts the planets. Pushkin wrote “Poltava” in 1828.	Agar gapning egasi gapdagi ish-harakatni bajaruvchisi bo‘lsa, fe’l oddiy nisbatda (The Active Voice) ishlatiladi:
The planets are attracted by the sun. “Poltava” was written by Pushkin in 1828	Agar gapning egasi ish-harakat ta’siri ostida bo‘lsa fe’l majhul nisbatda (The Passive Voice) ishlatiladi:

3. O‘timli fe’llar ham oddiy nisbatda, ham majhul nisbatda ishlatiladi. O‘timsiz fe’llar faqat oddiy nisbatda ishlatiladi.

Majhul nisbat zamonlarining yasalishi

1. 
   Majhul nisbatning zamonlari to be yordamchi fe’lini kerakli zamonda qo‘yish bilan yasaladi. Asosiy fe’ldan yasalgan o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi esa hamma zamonlarda o‘zgarmay qoladi:
   

Be + P.P.

	Simple	Continuous	Perfect
Present	I am invited	I am being invited	I have been invited
Past	I was invited	I was being invited	I had been invited
Future	I shall be invited	-	I shall have been invited
Future in the Past	I should be invited	-	I should have been invited

The bridge was built in 1975.	Oddiy nisbatdagi ega majhul nisbatda by predlogli to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lib keladi
The paper was cut with a knife.	Majhul nisbatda ba’zan ish-harakatni bajarish qurolini ko‘rsatish uchun with predlogi bilan kelgan to‘ldiruvchi ishlatilishi mumkin:

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Ko’chirma va o’zlashtirma gaplar
1. Bir odamning gapini boshqa birovga o‘zgartirmasdan yetkazish ko‘chirma gap deyiladi (Direct Speech).

Bir odamning gapini to‘ldiruvchi ergash gap yordamida faqat mazmunini yetkazish o‘zlashtirma gap deyiladi (Idirect Speech)

Ko‘chirma gap:	O‘zlahshtirma gap
He has said: “The ship will arrve at the end of the week.” “Kema haftaning o[irida keladi,” dedi u.	He has said that the ship will arrive at the end of the week. U kemaning haftaning oxirida kelishini aytdi.

Ko‘chirma gapdagi The ship will arrive at the end of the week gapi mustaqil, alohida bir gapdir. O‘zlashtirma gapdagi that the ship will arrive at the end of the week gapi to’diruvchi ergash gap, u alohida ishlatilmaydi. He has said bosh gap.

2. Ko‘chirma gaplardan oldin odatda vergul qo‘yiladi. Ammo uzun matnlardan oldin ikki nuqta qo‘yiladi. Ingliz tilida qo‘shtirnoq ko‘chirma gapning boshida ham, oxirida ham qatorning yuqorisiga qo‘yiladi.

3. Ko‘chirma gaplar darak gaplar, so‘roq gaplar va buyruq gaplarga bo‘linadi.
Darak gaplarni o’zlashtirma gaplarga aylantirish

I. Ko‘chirma gaplarni o‘zlashtirma gaplarga aylantirishda quyidagi o‘zgartirishlar qilinadi:

1. Bosh gap bilan ko‘chirma gap o‘rtasidagi vergul va qo‘shtirnoqlar tushirib qoldiriladi. O‘zlashtirma gap oldida that bog‘lovchisi qo‘yiladi, ammo bu bog‘lovchi ko’pincha tushib qoladi:

Ko‘chirma gap:	O‘zlashtirma gap:
He says, “Mary will do it.” U dedi: “Meri buni qiladi”.	He says (that) Mary will do it. U Merining buni qilishini aytadi.

2. Agar bosh gapda to‘ldiruvchisiz say fe’li ishlatilgan bo‘lsa o‘zlashtirma gapda to say saqlanib qoladi, Agar ko‘chirma gapda to say fe’lidan keyin to‘ldiruvchi kelgan bo‘lsa, ko‘chirma gapdagi to say fe’li o‘zlashtirma gapda to tell fe’li bilan almashtiriladi:

Ko‘chirma gap:	O‘zlashtirma gap:
He says, “Mary will come in the evening.” U dedi: “Meri kechqurun keladi”.	He says that Mary will come in the evening. U Merining kechqurun kelishini aytadi.
He has said to me,“The negotiations have begun.” U menga dedi: “ Muzokaralar boshlandi”.	He has told me that the negotiations have begun. U menga muzokaralar boshlanganligini aytdi

Izoh: To saydan keyin vositali to‘ldiruvchi to prtedlogi bilan ishlatiladi, to telldan keyin esa vositali to‘ldiruvchi predlogsiz ishlatiladi.

3. Ko‘chirma gapdagi kishilik va egalik olmoshlari ma’noga qarab o‘zgartiriladi:

Ko‘chirma gap:	O‘zlashtirma gap:
Mary says, “Peter has taken my dictionary.” Meri dedi: “Mening lug’atimni piter olgan”.	Mary says that Peter has taken her dictionary. Mery uning lug’atini Piter olganligini aytadi.
My brother has said, “I shall come at five o’clock.” Mening akam dedi: “Men soat beshda kelaman”.	My brother has said that he will come at five o’clock. Mening akam soat beshda kelishini aytdi.

4. Agar bosh gapdagi fe’l Simple Present, Present Perfect yoki Simple Future zamonlarining birida bo‘lsa ko‘chirma gapdagi zamon o‘zlashtirma gapda o‘zgarmaydi:

Ko‘chirma gap:	O‘zlashtirma gap:
He says (has said, will say), “I sent them the catalogue on Monday.” U deydi (dedi, deydi): “Men katalogni ularga dushanba kuni jonatdim”.	He says (has said, will say) that he sent the catalogue on Monday. U katalogni ularga dushanba kuni jo‘natganligaini aytadi (aytdi).
He says (has said, will say), “We shall ship the goods in May.” U deydi (dedi, deydi) : “Biz tovarlarni May oyida yuklaymiz.”	He says (has said, will say) that they will ship the goods in May. U tovarlarni May oyida yuklashlarini aytadi (aytdi).

5. 
   Agar bosh gapdagi fe’l Simple Past, Past Continuous, Past Perfect zamonlarida bo‘lsa, ko‘chirma gapni o‘zlashtirma gapga aylantirganimizda ergash gapdagi zamon o‘tgan zamonga suriladi va quyidagicha o‘zgartiriladi:
   
6.