Māris kļaviņŠ, azamat azizov, JĀnis zaļoksnis environment, pollution, development: the case of uzbekistan

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 10.5.2.  Second phase: activities of the environmental 
protection movement and the united nations
Many non-governmental organisations con cerned with pro tec tion 
of the environ ment came into being after the end of World War II, 
supported by the governments on both national and inter national 
scale. During that time the global problems were related to four 
important spheres: 
1)  the ban on distribution of nuclear, biological and chemical wea-
pons, reduction of military costs, and prevention of a new war, 
2)  reduction of poverty, 
3) the nature and environment crisis that manifested itself in 
depletion of resources and biological diversity and in increasing 
amounts of waste, 
4)  recognition and ensuring of human rights.
However, the events that took place on an international scale had 
different  impact  regarding  the  social  and  environ mental  protection 
movement in each state based on the national political culture. For 
example, the environ mental protection movements in Denmark, 
Sweden and the Netherlands had certain national peculiarities 
resulting from speciali sation and the professional standard.
Some of the movements had attracted a great number of members 
whereas others consisted of a small number of groups of experts; 
similarly, some of the movements were concerned with solving 
general problems of environ mental protection and develop ment while 
others focused on particular environ mental issues.
During  the  60s,  there  was  a  significant  interest  in  nature  in 
scientific and economic aspects; the decade left an impact on how en-
viron mental problems were viewed in intellectual and political circles. 
In 1962, Rachel Carson published her book Silent Spring which 
criticised the overly extensive use of pesticides and stressed their 
negative influence on human health and ecosystems. Although the 
scientific  community  criticised  the  work  as  being  over-emotional, 
almost all of the pesticides mentioned by R. Carson are banned now.
In 1962, the actual state of environ ment was uncertain; however, 
1970 arrived  with  a  many-voiced  and  unyielding  public  opinion. 
Groups of concerned scientists, administrators and environ mental 
protection enthusiasts initiated an explosion of a mass movement, 
which spread in the industrialised world. The later movement of 
environ mental protection came more from the grassroots, was 
much more active and politically responsive compared to the earlier 
organisations of nature protection.
Significance of environ mental organisations in the international 
relations of environ mental protection begun to increase. Environ-
mental organisations increased pressure on the governments to make 
them  formulate  and  carry  out  efficient  environ mental  protection 
Figure 10.11. 
Rachel 
Louise Carson 
(1907-1964), a marine 
biologist and writer
Her most significant 
work is Silent Spring, 
republished in 2002 to 
commemorate 30 years 
since the publication of 
the first edition

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ENVIRONMENT, POLLUTION, DEVELOPMENT:  THE CASE OF UZBEKISTAN
policies. Non-governmental organisations collaborated via a regional 
and global network in order to obtain information and work out the 
strategy needed for environ mental protection. On the local scale the 
organisations established groups and enlisted individuals to solve