Morphology

Morphology

• The Structure of Words
• Sobirova Odina

MORFEMALAR

• Defined as, “a minimal unit of meaning”
• Not the same as a syllable, which is a unit of sound (e.g., tuxedo has one morpheme and three syllables, while sixths has three morphemes and one syllable)
• Not the same as a word, although a word can contain only one morpheme (e.g., tree, tuxedo)
• Some morphemes are bound, meaning they can only appear attached to some other morpheme (e.g., -s, -ly, -un). Free morphemes can appear by themselves as words

ALLOMOFLAR

• Defined as “a variant of morpheme;” variant can be in pronunciation and/or spelling
• Examples:
• Hymn, hymnal
• -ible, -able, gullible/gullibility, usable
• Electric/electricity
• Condemn/condemnation

MORFEMA TURLARI

• Derivational Morphemes form new words, often changing the word class (part of speech) - E.g., bake/baker, legal/legalize
• Inflectional Morphemes make a different form of the same word, such as plural or past tense. The eight inflectional morphemes in English will be shown on the next slide.

SO`Z YASOVCHI MORFEMALAR

• On Nouns:
• Plural -s
• Possessive -’s
• On Verbs:
• 3rd person singular present tense -s
• Past tense -ed
• Part participle -en
• Present participle -ing
• On Adjectives:
• Comparative -er
• Superlative -est

MORFEMA TURLARI

• Affixation - adding an affix (prefix or suffix) to a root (e.g., en-list-ed)
• Compounding - combining two or more roots in a single word (e.g., eggplant, greenhouse)
• Internal Change - changing part of the root (e.g., sit/sat, foot/feet, mouse/mice)
• Suppletion - changing the root completely (e.g., good/better, is/am)
• Zero-Change - changing nothing (e.g., fish/fish, hit/hit)

SIFAT YASOVCHI QO`SHIMCHALAR

OT YASOVCHI QO`SHIMCHALAR

OT YASOVCHI QO`SHIMCHALAR

Still More Noun Affixes

OT VA TESKARI MA`NO ANGLATUVCHI QO`SHIMCHALAR

GAP BO`LAKLARI

• Form Class Words
• Also known as “Content Words” and “Open Class Words”
• Have Semantic Content
• Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, and Adverbs
• Structure Class Words
• Also know as “Function Words” and “Closed Class Words”
• Have a Grammatical Function
• Pronouns, Articles, Prepositions, Auxiliaries…

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