Mol, Molyar massa va massa

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Bog'liq
Umumiy kimyo masalalar to\'plami 2015-2016

Ba`zi bir eng muhim fizik kattaliklar

Elektron zaryadi	(1,60218924,6_10^–6)_10^–19Kl
Elektronning tinch holatdagi massasi	(1,1095344,7_10^–5)_10^–31 kg
Atomning massa birligi (m.a.b.)	(1,66056558,6_10^–6)_10^–27 kg
Avogadro doimiysi	(6,0220453,1_10^–5)_10³³ mol^–1
Faradey doimiysi	(0,6484562,7_10^–5)_10⁴ Kl_* mol^–1
Gazning universal doimiysi	(8,314412,6_10^–4) J_mol^–1_*K^–1
n.sh.dagi gazning molar hajmi	(22,413830,007)_*10^–3m³/mol

Ayrim kimyoviy elementlar haqida ma’lumot
Elementlar nomi		Kimyoviy belgisi	Nisbiy atom massasi	Valentligi
o‘zbekcha	lotincha	Kimyoviy belgisi	Nisbiy atom massasi	Valentligi
Azot	Nitrogenium	N	14	1;2;3;4;5
Aluminiy	Aluminium	Al	27	3
Bariy	Barium	Ba	137	2
Brom	Bromum	Br	80	1;3;5;7
Vodorod	Hydrogenium	H	1	1
Temir	Ferrum	Fe	56	2;3
Kaliy	Kalium	K	39	1
Kalsiy	Calcium	Ca	40	2
Kislorod	Oxygenium	O	16	2
Kremniy	Silicium	Si	28	4
Magniy	Magnesium	Mg	24	2
Marganets	Manganum	Mn	55	2;4;7
Mis	Cuprum	Cu	64	1;2
Natriy	Natrium	Na	23	1
Qalay	Stannum	Sn	119	2;4
Simob	Hidrargurum	Hg	201	1;2
Qo‘rg‘oshin	Plumbum	Pb	207	2;4
Oltingugurt	Sulfur	S	32	2;4;6
Kumush	Argentum	Ag	108	1
Uglerod	Carboneum	C	12	2;4
Fosfor	Phosphorus	Pb	31	3;5
Xlor	Chlorum	Cl	35,5	1;3;5;7
Xrom	Chromium	Cr	52	2;4;6
Rux	Zincum	Zn	65	2

GIDROKSID VA TUZLARNI SUVDA ERUVCHANLIGI

(Xona haroratida)

ANIONLAR

KATIONLAR

H+

Li+

K+

Na+

NH4+

Ba2+

Ca2+

Mg2+

Sr2+

Al3+

Cr3+

Fe2+

Fe3+

Ni2+

Co2+

Mn2+

Zn2+

Ag+

Hg2+

Pb2+

Sn2+

Cu2+

Э – eriydi (100 g suvda 1 grammdan ko‘p miqdorda eriydi); О – oz eriydi (100 g suvda 0,1 grammdan 1 grammgacha eriydi);

Х – juda oz miqdorda eriydi (100 g suvda 0,1 grammdan oz miqdorda eriydi); - - suvda parchalanib kеtadi;
? – bunday modda mavjud emas
Ba’zi kation va anionlarni sifat jihatdan aniqlash jadvali.

№	Reagent	Reaktiv	Rang o’zgarishi
1	H⁺	Indikator	Rang o’zgarishi
2	Li⁺	Na₂HPO₄	Oq cho’kma (Li₃PO₄)
3	Ba²⁺	SO₄^2-	Oq cho’kma
4	Ca²⁺	CO₃^2-	Oq cho’kma
		OH^-	Oq cho’kma
5	Cu²⁺	S^2-	Qora cho’kma
		OH^-	Ko’k cho’kma
6	Pb²⁺	S^2-	Qora cho’kma
7	Fe²⁺	OH^-	Yashil cho’kma (vaqt o’tishi bilan qo’ng’ir rangga o’tadi)
		K₃[Fe(CN)₆]	Ko’k (Trunbul ko’ki)
8	Fe³⁺	K₄[Fe(CN)₆]	Tiniq ko’k (Berlin suri yoki Parij ko’ki)
9	Al³⁺	OH^-	Oq quyqasimon cho’kma
10	NH⁺	OH^-	Ammiak hidi (qo’lansa hid)
11	Ag⁺	Cl^-	Oq cho’kma
		Br^-	Sariq cho’kma
		I^-	Sariq cho’kma
12	Sn²⁺	S^2-	Sariq cho’kma
13	SO₄^2-	Ba²⁺	Oq cho’kma
14	S^2-	H⁺	Gaz ajralishi (aynigan tuxum hidi)
		Pb²⁺	Qora cho’kma
		Sn²⁺	Sariq cho’kma
15	Cl^-	Ag⁺	Oq cho’kma
16	Br^-	Ag⁺	Sariq cho’kma
17	I^-	Ag⁺	Sariq cho’kma
18	CO₃^2-	Ca(OH)₂	Oq cho’kma (eritma oldin loyqalanadi, keyin tiniydi)
19		K⁺	Alanga binafsha ranga o’tadi
20		Na⁺	Alanga sariq ranga o’tadi
21		Li⁺	Alanga qizil binafsha ranga o’tadi
22	OH^-	Indikator	Rang o’zgarishi

G r u p I p a l a r	A VIII B	He	Ne	Ar	Ni 1,75	Kr	Pd 1,35	Xe	Pt 1,44	Rn	* - Lantanoidlar 1,08 – 1,14 ** - Aktinoidlar 1,11-1,2
					Co 1,70		Rh 1,45		Ir 1,55
					Fe 1,64		Ru 1,42		Os 1,52
	A VII B		F 4,10	Cl 2,83	Mn 1,60	Br 2,74	Tc 1,36	I 2,21	Re 1,46	At 1,90
	A VI B		O 3,50	S 2,6	Cr 1,56	Se 2,48	Mo 1,30	Te 2,01	W 1,40	Po 1,76
	A V B		N 3,07	P 2,1	V 1,45	As 2,20	Nb 1,23	Sb 1,82	Ta 1,33	Bi 1,67
	A IV B		C 2,50	Si 1,74	Ti 1,32	Ge 2,02	Zr 1,22	Sn 1,72	Hf 1,23	Pb 1,55
	A III B		B 2,01	Al 1,47	Sc 1,20	Ga 1,82	Y 1,11	In 1,49	La* 1,08	Tl 1,44	Ас** 1,00
	A II B		Be 1,47	Mg 1,23	Ca 1,04	Zn 1,66	Sr 0,99	Cd 1,46	Ba 0,97	Hg 1,44	Ra 0,97
	A I B	H 2,1	Li 0,97	Na 1,01	K 0,91	Cu 1,75	Rb 0,89	Ag 1,42	Cs 0,86	Au 1,42	Fr 0,86
	Qator lar	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Davr		I	II	III	IV		V		VI		VII

.

Mundarija.

I. BOB. Kimyoning asosiy tushunchalari…………………………………….…..1

1. Kimyoning asosiy tushunchalari..............................................................1
2. Mol, Molyar massa va massa. O’rtacha molekulyar massa.....................1
3. Moddaning formulasini aniqlash…………………….………………..…2
II. BOB. Atom tuzilishi. Davriy qonun…………………………..……………..…3
1. Atom tuzilishi. Yadro reaksiyalari……………………..………………...3
2. Kvant sonlari. Elektron pog’onalarga elektronlarning joylashishi……...3
3. Davriy qonun. Davriy sistema……………………….…………………..4
III. BOB. Anorganik kimyoning eng muhim sinflari.............................................5
1. Oksidlar....................................................................................................5
2. Asoslar......................................................................................................6
3. Kislotalar..................................................................................................7
4. Tuzlar.......................................................................................................7
IV. BOB. Kimyoning asosiy stexiometrik qonunlari.............................................8
1. Ekvivalentlar qonuni................................................................................8
2. Avogadro qonuni......................................................................................9
2.1. Nisbiy zichlik.......................................................................................10
2.2. Hajmiy ulush. Mol ulush. Massa ulush. O’rtacha molekulyar massa..........................................................................................................10
3. Gaz qonunlari.........................................................................................11
4. Karrali nisbatlar qonuni..........................................................................12
5. Kimyoviy reaksiya tenglamalari asosida masalalar yechish..................12
6. Reaksiya unumi......................................................................................13
V. BOB. Kimyoviy bog’lanish. Gibridlanish. Kristall panjara............................14
VI. BOB. Kimyoviy reaksiya tezligi. Kimyoviy muvozanat................................15
1. Kimyoviy reaksiya tezligi va unga ta’sir etuvchi omillar.......................15
2. Kimyoviy muvozanat va unga ta’sir etuvchi omillar.............................17
3. Kimyoviy termodinamika.......................................................................18
VII. BOB. Eritmalar..............................................................................................20
1. Eruvchanlik.............................................................................................20
2. Eritma zichligi........................................................................................21
3. Eritma konsentratsiyalari........................................................................21
4. Kristallgidratlar.......................................................................................23
VIII. BOB. Elektrolitik dissotsilanish...................................................................25
IX. BOB. Tuzlar gidrolizi. ...................................................................................26
X. BOB. Oksidlanish-qaytarilish reaksiyalari.......................................................27
1. Oksidlanish-qaytarilish reaksiyalari........................................................27
2. Elektroliz.................................................................................................29
XI.BOB. Koordinatsion birikmalar.......................................................................30
XII. BOB. Murakkab masalalar...………………………………………………..31
XII. BOB. Suvning qattiqligi ................................................................................32

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