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Bibliography
Prose
Dubliners (short-story collection, 1914)
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (novel, 1916)
Ulysses (novel, 1922)
Finnegans Wake (1939, restored 2012)
Poetry collections
Chamber Music (poems, Elkin Mathews, 1907)
Giacomo Joyce (written 1907, published by Faber and Faber, 1968)
Pomes Penyeach (poems, Shakespeare and Company, 1927)
Collected Poems (poems, Black Sun Press, 1936, which includes Chamber Music, Pomes Penyeach and other previously published works)
Play Posthumous publications and drafts
Fiction
Stephen Hero (precursor to A Portrait; written 1904–06, published 1944)
The Cat and the Devil (London: Faber and Faber, 1965)
The Cats of Copenhagen (Ithys Press, 2012)
Finn's Hotel (Ithys Press, 2013)
Non-Fiction
The Critical Writings of James Joyce (Eds. Ellsworth Mason and Richard Ellmann, 1959)
Letters of James Joyce Vol. 1 (Ed. Stuart Gilbert, 1957)
Letters of James Joyce Vol. 2 (Ed. Richard Ellmann, 1966)
Letters of James Joyce Vol. 3 (Ed. Richard Ellmann, 1966)
Selected Letters of James Joyce (Ed. Richard Ellmann, 1975)
Richard Aldington
Richard Aldington (8 July 1892 – 27 July 1962), born Edward Godfree Aldington, was an English writer and poet, and an early associate of the Imagist movement. He was married to the poet Hilda Doolittle (H.D.) from 1911 to 1938.
Aldington's 50-year career included work in poetry, novels, criticism and biography. He edited The Egoist literary journal and wrote for magazines such as The Times Literary Supplement, Vogue, The Criterion and Poetry. His biography ofWellington (1946) was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize. His circle included writers and critics such as T. S. Eliot, D. H. Lawrence, Ezra Pound, W. B. Yeats, Lawrence Durrell and C. P. Snow. He championed H.D. as the major poetic voice of the Imagist movement and helped to bring her work to international notice.
Aldington was born in Portsmouth, the eldest of four children, and was the son of a solicitor. Both of his parents wrote and published books, and the home held a large library of European and classical literature. As well as reading, Aldington's interests at this time, all of which he continued in later life, included butterfly-collecting, hiking, and learning languages – he went on to master French, Italian, Latin and ancient Greek. He was educated at Mr Sweetman's Seminary for Young Gentlemen, St Margaret's Bay, near Dover. His father died of heart problems at aged 56.
Aldington studied at Dover College, the University of London. He was unable to complete his degree because of the financial circumstances of his family caused by his father's failed speculations and ensuing debt. Supported by a small allowance from his parents, he worked as a sports journalist, started publishing poetry in British journals and gravitated towards literary circles that included poets William Butler Yeats and Walter de la Mare.
In 1911 Aldington met society hostess Brigit Patmore, with whom he had a passing affair. At the time he is described as a "tall and broad-shouldered, with a fine forehead, thick longish hair of the indefinite colour blond hair turns to in adolescence, very bright blue eyes, too small a nose and a determined mouth." Through her he met American poets Ezra Pound and the poet Hilda Doolittle (H.D.), who had been previously engaged. H.D. and Aldington grew closer and travelled together extensively through Italy and France, just before the war, in 1913. On their return to London in the summer they moved into separate flats in Churchwalk, Kensington, in West London. H.D. lived at number 6, Aldington at number 8 and Pound at number 10. In the presence of Pound and the Doolittle family, over from America for the summer, the couple married (marriage 1913–1938). They moved to 5 Holland Place Chambers into a flat of their own, although Pound soon moved in across the hall.
The poets were caught up in the literary ferment before the war, where new politics and ideas were passionately discussed and created in Soho tearooms and society salons. The couple bonded over their visions of new forms of poetry, feminism and philosophy, emerging from the wake of staid Victorian mores. The couple were fed by a sense of peership and mutualism between them, rejecting hierarchies, beginning to view Pound as an intruder and interloper rather than a literary igniter.
The couple met influential American poet Amy Lowell and she introduced them to writer D.H. Lawrence in 1914, who would go on to be a close friend and mentor to both.
Aldington's poetry was associated with the Imagist group, championing minimalist free verse with stark images, seeking to banish Victorian moralism. The group was key in the emerging Modernist movement. Ezra Pound coined the termimagistes for H.D. and Aldington (1912). Aldington's poetry forms almost one third of the Imagists' inaugural anthologyDes Imagistes (1914). The movement was heavily inspired by Japanese and classical European art. Aldington shared T. E. Hulme's conviction that experimentation with traditional Japanese verse forms could provide a way forward for avant-garde literature in English.
Pound sent three of Aldington's poems to Harriet Monroe's magazine Poetry and they appeared in November 1912. She notes "Mr Richard Aldington is a young English poet, one of the "Imagistes", a group of ardent Hellenists who are pursuing interesting experiments in vers libre." She considered the poem "Choricos" to be his finest work, "one of the most beautiful death songs in the language "a poem of studied and affected gravity".
H.D. became pregnant in August 1914 and in 1915 Aldington and H.D. relocated from their home in Holland Park near Ezra Pound to Hampstead close to D. H. Lawrence and Frieda. They felt calmer out of the bustle of the city, with more space and green. The pregnancy ended in a stillborn daughter which traumatised the couple and put a great strain on the relationship; H.D. was 28 and Aldington 22. The outbreak of war in 1914 deeply disturbed Aldington, though no draft was in place at this time. H.D. felt more distant from the melee, not having a close affinity to the European landscape, geographical or political. This rift also put pressure on the marriage. Unhappy, Aldington dreamed of escape to America and began to have affairs. He began a relationship with Florence Fallas, who had also lost a child.
Between 1914 and 1916 Aldington was literary editor and a columnist at The Egoist. He was assistant editor with Leonard Compton-Rickett under Dora Marsden. Aldington knew Wyndham Lewis well and reviewed his work in The Egoist. He was also an associate of Ford Madox Ford, helping him with a propaganda volume for a government commission in 1914 and taking dictation for The Good Soldier.
Alec Waugh described Aldington as having been embittered by the war, but took it that he worked off his spleen in novels like The Colonel's Daughter (1931) rather than letting it poison his life.Bush describes his work as "a career of disillusioned bitterness."His novels contained thinly veiled portraits of some of his friends, including Eliot, Lawrence and Pound; the friendship not always surviving. Lyndall Gordon characterises the sketch of Eliot in the memoirs Life for Life's Sake (1941) as 'snide'. As a young man, he was cutting about Yeats, but they remained on good terms.
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