Ministry of higher and secondary specialized education fergana state university

2. The main sections of linguistics as a science.
Linguistics as a science has a branched chain of sections that fully allow you to study both individual linguistic phenomena, aspects, and the entire language as a whole. Also, thanks to the study of all sections of linguistics, one can create a general idea of ​​the linguistic picture of the world, its formation and existence at this stage of development.
1. General linguistics is the science of the general laws of the internal structure, functioning, development of languages ​​and ways of studying them. This section explores the universal properties of the language, the most general patterns of its structural-systemic and sign organization, the semantics and syntax of natural and machine languages, and in natural language (as opposed to machine language) also phonetics.
2. Private linguistics is concerned with the study of the features of the structure, functioning, properties of one particular language or group of related languages. This section of linguistics can consider any linguistic phenomenon in two aspects: synchronous (the fact of the language at some point in history) and diachronous (the development of the language over a certain period of time).
3. Internal linguistics. Internal linguistics studies the systemic relations of linguistic units without resorting to external linguistic factors.
4. External linguistics - extralinguistics, a branch of linguistics that studies the totality of ethnic, social, historical, geographical factors that are directly related to the development of the language.
5. Theoretical linguistics is engaged in the scientific, theoretical study of the language, generalizing data about the language; serves as a methodological basis for practical, applied linguistics.
6. Applied linguistics - linguistics applicable in modern life (modern technology). Given science deals with the solution of practical problems related to the study of language, as well as the practical use of linguistic theory in other areas.
At this stage of the development of linguistic sciences in linguistics, the traditionally established division of disciplines.
1) Disciplines about the internal structure of the language, or "internal linguistics". This group of disciplines consists of: phonetics and phonology; grammar, subdivided into morphology and syntax (sometimes with the emphasis on morphonology); lexicology (with emphasis on phraseology); semantics (sometimes with emphasis on semasiology); style; typology.
2) Disciplines on the historical development of language. This group primarily includes the history of the language: historical grammar (sometimes as a synonym for the history of the language in a broad sense); comparative-historical grammar; history of literary languages; etymology.
3) Disciplines on the spread of language in society, or "external linguistics": dialectology, linguistic geography; areal linguistics; sociolinguistics.
4) Disciplines dealing with the study of complex problems and emerging at the intersection of sciences: psycholinguistics, mathematical linguistics; engineering linguistics (sometimes understood as an applied discipline); applied proper linguistic disciplines: lexicography; experimental phonetics; linguistic statistics; paleography; history of writing, etc.