Ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic of uzbekistan теrmez state university department of philology and teaching languages: on theme



Download 314,6 Kb.
bet3/13
Sana20.04.2023
Hajmi314,6 Kb.
#930735
1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   ...   13
Bog'liq
umida

1. NOUNS IN OLD ENGLISH
Old English nouns are grouped by grammatical gender, and inflect based on case and number.
Gender
Old English still had all three genders of Proto-Indo-European: masculine, feminine, and neuter.
Each noun belongs to one of the three genders, while adjectives and determiners take different forms depending on the gender of the noun they describe. The word for "the" or "that" is  with a masculine noun, sēo with a feminine noun, and þæt with a neuter noun. Adjectives change endings: for instance, since hring ("ring") is masculine and cuppe ("cup") is feminine, a golden ring is gylden hring, while a golden cup is gyldenu cuppe.
Perhaps the strangest aspect for modern speakers is that the words for "he" () and "she" (hēo) also mean "it."  refers back to masculine nouns, hēo to feminine nouns, reserving the neuter pronoun hit for nouns that are grammatically neuter. That means even inanimate objects are frequently called "he" or "she."[4] See the following sentence, with the masculine noun snāw:

Old English

Mē līcaþ sē snāw for þon þe hē dēþ þā burg stille.

Literal gloss

Me pleases the snow because he does the city quiet.

Translation

I like the snow because it makes the city quiet.

Compare this parallel sentence, where the neuter noun fȳr is referred to with hit:

Old English

Mē līcaþ þæt fȳr for þon þe hit dēþ þā burg hlūde.

Translation

I like the fire because it makes the city loud.

Only a few nouns referring to people have a grammatical gender that does not match their natural gender, as in the neuter word mæġden ("girl"). In such cases, adjectives and determiners follow grammatical gender, but pronouns follow natural gender: Þæt mæġden sēo þǣr stent, canst þū hīe? ("The girl who [feminine] is standing there, do you know her?").[5]
When two nouns have different genders, adjectives and determiners that refer to them together are inflected neuter: Hlīsa and spēd bēoþ twieċġu ("Fame [masculine] and success [feminine] are double-edged [neuter plural]").[6]

Download 314,6 Kb.

Do'stlaringiz bilan baham:
1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   ...   13




Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©hozir.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling

kiriting | ro'yxatdan o'tish
    Bosh sahifa
юртда тантана
Боғда битган
Бугун юртда
Эшитганлар жилманглар
Эшитмадим деманглар
битган бодомлар
Yangiariq tumani
qitish marakazi
Raqamli texnologiyalar
ilishida muhokamadan
tasdiqqa tavsiya
tavsiya etilgan
iqtisodiyot kafedrasi
steiermarkischen landesregierung
asarlaringizni yuboring
o'zingizning asarlaringizni
Iltimos faqat
faqat o'zingizning
steierm rkischen
landesregierung fachabteilung
rkischen landesregierung
hamshira loyihasi
loyihasi mavsum
faolyatining oqibatlari
asosiy adabiyotlar
fakulteti ahborot
ahborot havfsizligi
havfsizligi kafedrasi
fanidan bo’yicha
fakulteti iqtisodiyot
boshqaruv fakulteti
chiqarishda boshqaruv
ishlab chiqarishda
iqtisodiyot fakultet
multiservis tarmoqlari
fanidan asosiy
Uzbek fanidan
mavzulari potok
asosidagi multiservis
'aliyyil a'ziym
billahil 'aliyyil
illaa billahil
quvvata illaa
falah' deganida
Kompyuter savodxonligi
bo’yicha mustaqil
'alal falah'
Hayya 'alal
'alas soloh
Hayya 'alas
mavsum boyicha


yuklab olish