Ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic uzbekistan state world languages university

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On the contrary with English prefixes Russian and Uzbek have not any classifications in prefixes but they also can show negative meaning such as не- неприятный, недоступный, or in Uzbek но- номаълум, номуносиб. But there are many other types of prefixes in Russian and Uzbek languages such as с-, не-, сверх-, при-, раз- for forming words such спутник, неприятель, сверхранний, придавать, раздавать. There are such verb in Russian which can combine with almost all prefixes:

Ехать	Говорить
По-ехать	По-говорить
В-ехать	За-говорить
На-ехать	На-говорить
За-ехать	Вы-говорить
До-ехать	Недо-говорить
С-ехать
Вы-ехать
Недо-ехать
Пере-ехать
При-ехать

бе-, ба-, но-, сер-, ҳам- бебаҳо, баобрў, серҳосил, ҳамшаҳар and etc. All prefixes in Uzbek language are borrowed from Tajik and Persian languages.
Thus, prefixation is a productive way of word formation in all languages. And they can form nouns and adjectives besides verbs. For example, in difference from English and Russian Uzbek language prefixes cannot form verbs, they are used for nouns and adjectives. Even though nouns, verbs and adjectives can be formed in English in the same way as in Russian, the difference between English and Russian is that the adverbs cannot be formed by prefixation in English.
Moreover, there is another similarity of compared languages in productive way of forming words is suffixing. The main function of suffixes in compared languages is to form one part of speech from another, the secondary function is to change the lexical meaning of the same part of speech. ( e.g. “govern” is a verb, “government” is a noun, and “music” is a noun, “musician” is also a noun or “учи” is a verb, “учитель” is a noun , “суҳбат” is a noun, “суҳбатлашди” is a verb).
There are different classifications of suffixes :
1. Part-of-speech classification. Suffixes which can form different parts of speech are given here :
a) noun-forming suffixes, such as : -er (criticizer), -dom (officialdom), -ism (ageism), -ник (работник), -ец (продавец), -увчи (ўқитувчи), -чилик (сотувчилик).
b) adjective-forming suffixes, such as : -able (separable), -less (useless), -ous (glamorous), -ный (сильный), -ной (глазной), -ли (чиройли), -сиз (тузсиз).
c) verb-forming suffixes, such as -ize (modernize) , -ify (modify), -а-ть (завтракать), -нича-ть (умничать), -а (туна), -лан (фахрлан).
d) adverb-forming suffixes , such as : -ly (likely), -о (привычно), -и (дружески), -лаб (челаклаб), -она (мардона).
e) numeral-forming suffixes, such as: -teen (sixteen), -ty (seventy), -надцать (пятнадцать), -ой (-ый) (шестой),-та (иккита), -нчи (еттинчи).
2. Semantic classification . Suffixes changing the lexical meaning of the stem can be subdivided into groups, e.g. noun-forming suffixes can denote:
a) the agent of the action, e.g. -er (experimenter), -ist (taxist), -ent (student), -ок (игрок), -чи (ишчи).
b) nationality, e.g. -ian (Russian), -ese (Japanese), -ish (English). On the contrary with English Russian and Uzbek can show place of nation: -вич (москвич), -лик (Тошкентлик).
c) quality, e.g. -ness (copelessness), -ity (answerability), -увчан (қизиқувчан).
d) collectivity, e.g. -dom (moviedom), -ry (peasantry, -ship (readership), -ati (literati).
e) diminutiveness, e.g. -ie (horsie), -let (booklet), -ling (gooseling), -ette (kitchenette).
3. Lexico-grammatical character of the stem. Suffixes which can be added to certain groups of stems are subdivided into:
a) suffixes added to verbal stems, such as : -er (commuter), -ing (suffering), - able (flyable), -ment (involvement), -ation (computerization); -ство (правительство), -ация (модернизация); -кич (кўрсаткич), -ги (супурги).
b) suffixes added to noun stems, such as : -less (smogless), -ful (roomful), -ism (adventurism), -ster (pollster), -nik (filmnik), -ish (childish); -ый (гордый), -ный (умный); -кор (пахтакор), -гар (заргар).
c) suffixes added to adjective stems, such as : -en (weaken), -ly (pinkly), -ish (longish), -ness (clannishness); -ость (глупость), -и-е (веселье); -лик (гўзаллик), (ёшлик).
Besides other productive ways such as conversion, compounding and shortening also can be found in the compared languages’ word forming system.
Sound interchange is one of the ways of non-productive word formation. And this characterizes only in English language. The causes of sound interchange can be different. It can be the result of Ancient Ablaut which cannot be explained by the phonetic laws during the period of the language development known to scientists., e.g. to strike - stroke, to sing - song etc. It can be also the result of Ancient Umlaut or vowel mutation which is the result of palatalizing the root vowel because of the front vowel in the syllable coming after the root ( regressive assimilation), e.g. hot - to heat (hotian), blood - to bleed (blodian) etc.
However, stress interchange is occurred in all compared languages: to af`fix -`affix, to con`flict- `conflict, to ex`port -`export, to ex`tract - `extract, `игры-игр`ы, п`оля- пол`я, `янги(adv.) - янг`и (adj.), ҳ`озир(adj.) - ҳоз`ир (adv.) .
Sound imitation is the way of word-building when a word is formed by imitating different sounds. And this type of forming words can be observed in all languages. There are some semantic groups of words formed by means of sound imitation:
a) sounds produced by human beings, such as : to whisper, to giggle, to mumble, to sneeze, to whistle etc; шептать, чихать хихикать, бормотать; пичирламоқ, ғўнғирламоқ, минғирламоқ.
b) sounds produced by animals, birds, insects, such as : to hiss, to buzz, to bark, to moo, to twitter etc; лаять, мычать, щебетать, вовулламоқ, миёвламоқ, сайрамоқ.
c) sounds produced by nature and objects, such as : to splash, to rustle, to clatter, to bubble, to ding-dong, to tinkle etc; звякать, звенеть, греметь, тақилламоқ, шитирламоқ, тарақ-туруқ.
Blends are words formed from a word-group or two synonyms. In blends two ways of word-building are combined : abbreviation and composition. Blends formed from two synonyms are: slanguange, to hustle, gasohol etc. Mostly blends are formed from a word-group, such as : acromania (acronym mania), cinemadict (cinema adict), chunnel (channel, canal), dramedy (drama comedy), detectifiction (detective fiction), faction (fact fiction) (fiction based on real facts), informecial (information commercial) , Medicare ( medical care) , magalog ( magazine catalogue) slimnastics (slimming gymnastics), sociolite (social elite), slanguist ( slang linguist) etc. As it is seen this type of non-producting way of word formation characterizes mostly in English, but in Russian also can be observed such kind of way of forming words. In this language it is called lexical-syntactic way of forming words e.g. сумасшедший (с ума сшедший), тяжелораненый (тяжело раненный), четыреста (четыре ста), наконец (на конец), сейчас (сей час).
Back formation is the way of word-building when a word is formed by dropping the final morpheme to form a new word. It is opposite to suffixation, that is why it is called back formation. E.g. it is typical of English to form nouns denoting the agent of the action by adding the suffix -er to a verb stem (speak- speaker). So when the French word “beggar” was borrowed into English the final syllable “ar” was pronounced in the same way as the English -er and Englishmen formed the verb “to beg” by dropping the end of the noun. Other example, babysitter, to bach (from bachelor), to compute (from computer), to emote (from emotion). And this type of forming word is one of the distinctive feature of English among Russian and Uzbek.
One of the Russian non-morphological ways of word formation is lexical semantic, which can express the similar function with Uzbek semantic way of forming words. This type in Russian is explained as homonymous meaning of words which are already existed in the language, e.g. кулак (кисть руки, сжатая для удара) и кулак (эксплуататор); бабка (то же, что бабушка), бабка (надкопытный сустав ноги у животных), бабка (одна из парных частей токарного станка), бабка (несколько снопов хлеба, уложенных определенным образом); in Uzbek : юпқа- қалин эмас (юпқа -сифат, юпқа –от, овқатнинг номи), кўк (ранг,- сифат, кўк-от, осмон).
The last distinctive feature of Uzbek language word formation way is composition, which cannot be found in other compared languages. This type of forming words is formed by combining of two or more words to each other. With the help of this type of word formation compound, pair and repeated words in Uzbek can appear.
Finally, from the analysis of compared languages can be found several similarities and differences in word formation process in these languages. For instance, as a similarity it is possible to show existence of types of affixation in all languages, or amount of derived words and suffixes, which can change the meaning from one parts of speech in to another. On the contrary, as a difference can be presented the some ways of forming words in English, Russian and Uzbek, which cannot be found in word forming system of other languages. Moreover, the main way of word formation in English is considered compounding, while in Russian and Uzbek it is affixation. Derived words in English mostly can be formed with compounding, affixation and conversion, and in Russian and Uzbek can be observed two of them besides conversion. In these languages conversion is not well developed.