Ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic uzbekistan state world languages university

Typology of phonetic and phonological level of English and Native languages

1. 
   The term 'phonetics' is the greek word ( "phone"-meaning sound, voice and "tika" - a science/box). It is a science which studies the phonetic substance and the expression area of the language, or otherwise a physical media of a language (sounds, syllables, stress, and intonation).
   
2. 
   From the acoustic and articulator points of view, the phonemic system of any language may be divided into vowels and consonants.
   
3. 
   Segmental phonology studies phonemes realized in avarious speech sound. Therefore, it may be called phonemics.
   
4. 
   Suprasegmental phonology (prosodies) studies the distinctive features realized in syllables, stress, and intonation.
   
5. 
   The Prague linguistic school was the center of phonological typology in its time. N.S. Trubetskoy is considered the founder of thetypology of thephonological system (theory of distinctive features).
   
6. 
   Word stress or accent is usually defined as the degree of force or prominence with which a sound or syllable is uttered. Languages differ with word stress placement and degrees of it.
   
7. 
   Intonation is a complex unity of speech melody, sentence stress, thetempo of speech, therhythm of speech, voice tember and pausation that enables the speaker to express his thoughts, feelings, and emotions.
   
8. 
   When phonemes are pronounced in words, they change their place of articulation or their features, this process is called assimilation.
   
9. 
   Dissimilation is the process by which one of two similar or identical sounds in a word becomes less like the other, such as the / in English marble (from French marbre).
   
10. 
    Reduction refers to various changes in the acoustic quality of vowels, which are related to changes in stress, sonority, duration, loudness, articulation, or position.
    
11.