Parts of speech or lexico-grammatic groups of words are primary
grammatical categories.
As it is known theclassification of parts of speech in compared languages
can be identified according to the following features of lexemes:
87
Lexical and grammatical meaning
Generalization of morphologic forms for certain word groups
According to the function of words in the sentences.
Every word of a certain part of speech has its own morphological forms,
these forms contain morphological paradigm and can be connected with certain
grammatical categories. For instance, in English the inflection –s can represent
acategory of thenumber and –ed of the verb can represent tense category and etc
[Buranov, 1973, 101].
Secondary grammatical categories are units of grammatical meaning and
grammatical forms.
Any grammatical category (the category of gender, category number,
category of case, etc.) in each word has a specific content. For example, the
category of gender, a noun category, in the words of the книга(book) reveals that
this noun is a feminine noun in Russian; category or type, for example, the verb
рисовать (to draw) has specific content - a verb imperfective. These meanings of
wordsare called grammatical meanings. Therefore, every word can have a
number of grammatical meanings, for example, in the Russian verb
бежал thefollowing grammatical meanings can be observed: past tense meaning,
singular, themasculinecategory of gender, unfinished form.
Grammatical meanings are expressed by a specific means of language. For
example, the meaning of the 1st person singular of the Russian verb пишу is
expressed by the ending-y, and the general meaning of the instrumental case of the
word лесом is expressed by th ending -ом.These expressions of grammatical
meanings with external language means called grammatical forms. Consequently,
the form of the word is a variation of the same word, differentiated from each other
with grammatical meanings. Beyond the grammatical form, there is no
grammatical meaning. Grammatical meanings can be expressed not only by
morphological changes of words but also by means of other words, with which it is
associated
in
the
sentence.
For
example,
in
the
Russian
sentencesОнкупилпальтоandОнбылвпальто the form of the word пальто(coat)is
the same, but in the first case it has the grammatical meaning of the accusative
case, and in the second - the prepositional. These meanings are formed with
different connections of the word with other words in the sentence.
Moreover, according to the structure grammatical forms can be subdivided
into synthetic form and analytical form.
The main difference between synthetic form and analytical form is that
synthetic forms can be formed with the help of affixal grammatic morphemes (like
88
morphemes of aspect, tense, mood, voice, person, number and perfect categories)
while analytic forms are formed with link verbs.
In the following examples of comparison of secondary grammatical
categories, grammatical meaning and grammatical forms can be identified.
In English, Russian and Uzbek languages, plurality is the category of the
noun, pronoun, and verb, which means a great number of something or
someone.For example, these books are interesting – бу китоблар қизиқарли –
этикнигиинтересны.
All compared languages have some nouns, which are never used in aplural
form such as love, friendship, hate – любовь, дружба – муҳаббат, дўстлик.
The verbs of compared languages are able to indicate the plurality.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |