|
pharyngeal
|
|
|
glottal
|
|
|
retroflex
|
|
|
|
The manner of production
|
|
English
|
Uzbek
|
Russian
|
1.
|
occlusive
|
explosive
|
Fricative:
a) middle fricative
b) side fricative
|
2.
|
constrictive (fricative)
|
affricates
|
Occlusive:
a) explosive
b) affricates
c) implosive
d) nasal
|
3.
|
occlusive-constrictive (affricates)
|
implosive
|
Vibrant
|
4.
|
rolled
|
nasal
|
|
5.
|
|
vibrant
|
|
The presence or absence of voice
|
English
|
Uzbek
|
Russian
|
Voiced
|
Voiced
|
Voiced
|
Voiceless
|
Voiceless
|
Voiceless
|
The position of the soft palate
|
English
|
Uzbek
|
Russian
|
Sonorant
|
Sonorant
|
Sonorant
|
Noise consonants
|
Noise consonants
|
Noise consonants
|
According to the palatalization of the tongue, only the Russian language has soft and hard consonants.
Professor U. Yusupov differentiates some consonants in the following way. The English consonants [t] and [d] are alveolar speech sounds, whereas their Uzbek counterparts [т] and [д] are dental ones. The English [w], in contrast with Uzbek [в], is pronounced with protruded lips. Also, in Uzbek, the voiced consonants [б] and [д] become voiceless at the end of words, which is alien to English: мактаб-мактап.
The consonants [ө,ð,w] can’t be found in Uzbek. Likewise, the Uzbek consonants [x, ғ, қ] do not exist in English. Moreover, Russian [ж], [й'] phonemes also cannot be found in English phoneme system.
Questions for self-control:
1. What is a vowel sound?
2. What are the groups of vowels according to the articulatory level?
3. How do the consonants change at the articulatory level?
4. What are the four groups of consonants according to the manner of articulation?
5. What is the difference between occlusive and constrictives
6. How are the Russian rolled consonants [р, р’] produced?
7. Name the consonant groups according to the place of articulation.
8. The problem of interference in a foreign language teaching acquisition (Phonetic and phonological levels).
Recommended Literatures:
Аракин В.Д. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков. Ленинград, 1979.
David Crystal. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991.
Yusupov U.K. Contrastive linguistics of the English and Uzbek languages. Tashkent, 2013.
Abduazizov A. A. Phonology and morphonology of the Uzbek language. Tashkent, 2010.
Abduazizov A. A. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course. Tashkent, 2007.
Оливериус, З. Фонетика русского языка. Praha : SPN, 1978.
Лизалова, Л. И. Упражнения по фонетике современного русского языка. Брно : МУ, 1991.
8. Jamolxonov H. Hozirgi o‘zbek adabiy tili. Toshkent, 2005.
9. Ranmatullayev Sh. Hozirgi adabiy O‘zbek tili. Toshkent, 2007.
2.3. Typological characteristics of the English, Uzbek and Russian languages phonological systems
2.3.1. The English, Uzbek and Rissian languages Stress
Word stress or accent is usually defined as the degree of force or prominence with which a sound or syllable is uttered. Languages differ with word stress placement and degrees of it.
In the Turkic languages, particularly in Uzbek, word stress usually falls on the final syllable.
English, Uzbek, and Russian are called stress languages or languages with dynamic stress (force stress), in which intensity is more significant than the other correlates-duration and pitch.
Stress can be divided into all compared languages as follows:
In English:
In Russian:
In Uzbek:
The features of these three languages can be seen from the tables above. In English, the word stress is fixed, while in Uzbek it is movable and it often falls on the right side the suffixes:
Eng. `teach - `teach +er, - `teach+ing
Uzb. `иш – иш+`чи – ишчи+`лар – ишчилар+`да – ишчиларда+`ми?
Some words of collective pronouns (such as ҳамма, барча) of Uzbek are considered as exceptions because in these pronouns stress is fixed: ҳ`амма – ҳ`амма+га –ҳ`амма+дан.
On the contrary, with these two languages Russian stress can be distinguished with its free (can be in any part of a word: ку́хонный, экспе́ртный, проходно́й) and mobility (can change its place in different forms of a word: нача́ть, на́чал, начала́, на́чали) features.
There are two equal stresses in all compared languages: `mid`night, `black`board, `home`sick etc., in Uzbek: те`мир`йўл, боғ`ишам`ол etc., in Russian: кля́твопреступле́ние, о́колозе́мнoй, ви́це-президе́нт etc.
Stress is one of the ways of word building in these compared languages:
Eng.: `present (noun) – pre`sent (verb), `expert (noun) – ex`pert (verb).
Uzb.: `олма (noun) – ол`ма (verb), `сузма (noun) – суз`ма (verb).
Rus.: заброни́ровать (место в гостинице)– забронирова́ть (орудие), сме́лый (adj.) - смела́ (noun).
2.3.2. The English, Uzbek and Russian languages intonation
In linguistics, intonation is the variation of pitch. Intonation and stress are two main elements of linguistic prosody. Intonation is a part of suprasegmental phonology. It helps to recognize the language that you hear in the same way as the melody of a song helps to recognize the song that you hear. That is why “Intonation” is the melody or music of a language. It consists of a number of components and comparing languages have a difference in the number of these components.
For instance:
Components of intonation
|
English
|
Uzbek
|
Russian
|
Pitch
Sentence stress
Rhythm
|
Melody
Stress
Pause
Rhythm
Temp
Timbre
Intensity
|
Stress
Pause
Timbre
Melody
Temp
|
Considering above mentioned components intonation can be divided into the following types in all three languages.
Thus there are two basic types of intonation in English.Other main types of intonation include high fall, low fall, fall-rise, high-rise, midlevel rise, low rise, meing not classified in the other two languages.
Falling intonation is used for asking and giving information in normal, quiet, unemphatic style. Sounds are more categorical, confident and convincing than in rising intonation.
Standard patterns:
In all compared languages, falling intonation is used on the last stressed syllable of the sentence in:
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
