Ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic of uzbeksitan termiz state university faculty of economics and tourism self-study on english language

MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKSITAN TERMIZ STATE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND TOURISM SELF-STUDY ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE

ON THE THEME:

“SUPPLY CHAIN”

DONE BY:SHERDANOVA GULIJAHON

Supply chain

In commerce, a supply chainis a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in supplying a productor serviceto a consumer . Supply chain activities involve the transformation of natural resources, raw materials, and components into a finished product and deliver to the end customer.In sophisticated supply chain systems,used productsmay re-enter the supply chain at any point where residual valueis recyclable.Supply chains link value chains.Suppliers in a supply chain are often ranked by "tier", firsttier suppliers being those who supply direct to the client business, second-tier being suppliers to the first tier , etc.

A typical supply chain begins with the ecological, biological, and political regulation of natural resources,followed by the human extraction of raw material, and includes several production links (e.g., component construction, assembly , and merging) before moving on to several layers of storage facilities of ever decreasing size and increasingly remote geographical locations, and finally reaching the consumer . At the end of the supply chain, materials and finished products only flow there because of customer behaviourat the end of the chainacademics Alan Harrison and Janet Godsellargue that "supply chain processes should be co-ordinated in order to focus on end customer buying behaviour", and look for "customer responsiveness" as an indicator confirming that materials are able to flow "through a sequence of supply chain processes in order to meet end customer buying behaviour"

Many of the exchanges encountered in the supply chain take place between different companies that seek to maximize their revenue within their sphere of interest but may have little or no knowledge or interest in the remaining players in the supply chain. More recently ,the loosely coupled, self-organizing network of businesses who cooperate to provide product and service offerings has been called the extended enterprise,and the use of the term "chain " and the linear structure it appears to represent have been criticised as "harder to relate ... to the way supply networksreally operate.A chain is actually a complex and dynamic supply and demand network.

As part of their effor ts to demonstrate ethical practices, many large companies and globalbrandsare integrating codes of conduct and guidelines into their corporate culturesand management systems. Through these, corporationsare making demands on their suppliers (facilities, farms, subcontracted services such as cleaning, canteen, security etc.) and verifying, through social audits, that they are complying with the required standard. A lack of transparency in the supply chain can bar consumers from knowledge of where their purchases originated and facilitate socially irresponsible practices. In 2018, the Loyola University Chicago' s Supply and Value Chain Center found in a survey that 53% of supply chain professionals considered ethics to be "extremely" impor tant to their organization.Supply-chain managers are under constant scrutiny to secure the best pricing for their resources, which becomes a difficult task when faced with the inherent lack of transparency.

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