Ministry of higher and secondary education of the republic of uzbekistan karakalpak state university

Theme: Analytical Terms in modern English.

Problems for discussion:

1. 
   Elements of an analytical form.
   
2. 
   The passive forms of the analytical forms.
   
3. 
   The criteria of defining the linguistic nature of analytical forms.
   
4. 
   The use of the emphatic auxiliaries functioning as expedients to produce intencity and emphasis.
   

After the disappearance of inflections we see another process going on in the English language. This is the process of building up analytical forms.
An analytical form consists of at least two words, but actually constitutes one sence-unit. Only one of the two elements has lexical meaning. The second element being an auxiliary word possesses only grammatical meaning. Example: I have come, I had come, I am writing, I have been writing, I should write, it is written, it was written, etc.
Degrees of comparison formed by more and most are also analytic by structure: interesting- more interesting- the most interesting; difficult-more difficult- the most difficult.
All the analytical verbal forms go back to free syntactical groups.
Modern Perfect Tenses are formed by means of the verb "have" followed by the oast participle of the given verb. In OE the past participle was not an intrinsic part if the tense but it was regarded as an adjective in apposition to the object governed by the verb "have". The participle agreed in case (accusative) with the object, example, I have written my letter meant I have my my letter written.
It was quite natural that these forms were at irst used with transitive verbs. The corresponding forms of intransitive verbs were generally formed with the verb "to be". In such constractions the participle always agreed with the subject. Example, he is come meant he is in the state of being come.
But the "have-forms" were gradually extended to intransitive verbs: he has come, he had
gone.
In modern English "be" is stiil used in some cases to imply a state rather than an action, ex: good-bye, Mr.M.! (Galsworthy. To let.)
The passive forms, analytic in their structure, have originated from free syntactical groups. In modern English they are presented by the association of the auxiliary verb "to be" with a past participle, ex: to be written, to be done, etc. There is also a more expressive form of the passive, which was made up with the auxiliary verb "to get". It is most frequent in colloquial English exam. The animal got struck by a stone. The two passive formations will often differentiate in their aspective character. Example: he was tired; he got tired.
When new devices had become well established, they came to express grammatical categories which had not been expressed in this way, or at all, in OE period.
Modern English grammatical relations expressed by the devices that did not exist at earlier stages of language development, example, the existence of:
1) future, perfect, continuous tenses expressed with auxiliaries; 2) case-relationships expressed by means of prepositions; 3) passive voice ( in embryo) in OE. 4) case-relationships, modification, agreement- indicated by word order.
Analytical verbal forms are most specific analytical formations. To understand their nature you should examine their structure and their function considered in their outer aspect, they are free combinations of two words, which stand to each other in the same syntactical relation as words in a phrase. Considered in function, they go parallel with synthetical forms as belonging to a certain grammatical category and doing the duty of the form of the word.
The general criteria of defining the linguistic nature of analytical forms seem to be equally applicable to al languages, but in certain concrete phenomena of every language we may easily trace their specific peculiarities associated in each case with concrete conditions of language development.
Analytical forms are characterized by: 1) semantic indiviibility, 2) idiomatic character, 3 generalization and abstraction from the concrete, 4) belonging in the paradigm of the word as one of its structural elements.
Quite natural that there are no grammatical categories in language represented only by analytical forms, the distinction of the analytical forms from other word-combinations is based upon their parallelism and relationship with synthetical forms.
A noticeable feature of English analytical forms is the use of the auxiliary verb "to do". Ex: do you speak French? Yes, I do; No, I do not, etc.
Deep rooted in English idiom is the use of the emphatic auxiliaries do and did emphasis in such emphatic forms of the Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite and the Imperative mood as: 1) I
do so wonder what Jolyon's boy is like. 2)... but then, again, she never did tell him anything. 3) Oh! Do be serious, Michael! 9golsworthy).
Hte idiosyncratic aspect of analytical form in any language should not escape our notice.
Recommended literature.

1. 
   Иванова И.П.,Бурлакова B.B., Поченцов Г.Г. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка. М., 1981
   
2. 
   Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. Л., 1983 3.11ysh В.А. The structure of Modern English. Leningrad, 1971
   
   4. 
      Blokh M.Y. A course in theoretical English grammar. M., 1983
      
   5. 
      Quirk R., Greenbaum S.,Leech G., Svartrick J. A university grammar of English. M., 1982
      
   6. 
      Rayevska N.M.. Modern English grammar, part I. Kiev, 1967.
      
   7. 
      Blokh M.Y. A course in modern English grammar, M., 2002.
      
   8. 
      Бархударов Jl.C. Структура простого предложения современного английского языка. М., 2000.
      

Lecture 3 Theme: Synonymy in grammar

Problems for discussion: ^:

l. The use of grammatical synonyms.
2. The development of grammatical synonyms in the language.
3. Paradigmatic synonymy.
4. Contextual or situational synonymy on the morphological and syntactic level.
The existence of synonymic forms of expression is a universal feature in all languages. The synonymic forms of expression present the chief point of linguistic interest in discussing the problems of usage and style in any language. There exist in grammar such forms as coincide in their content but dafter in subtle shades of that content or in emotive value. These are grammatical synonymy.
Multiformity of synonymic devices in grammar is, no doubt, closely connected with the stylistic differentiation of a national language. Synonymy in grammar as well as in vocabulary testifies to the originality and specify of a given language. There is no need to stress the value of exact discrimination in the use of grammatical synonyms which is indispensable to the accuracy of speech.
There is system behind the development of grammatical synonyms in any language. This seems to be a universal linguistic feature and may be traced in language after language. Observation in this field, which must reasonably be associated with the study of grammatical polysemy, are most useful for in sight into the nature and functioning of the language.
The concept of synonymy implies variation. It does not mean that we must include under grammatical synonyms absolute parallelism which are presented by different kind of grammatical doubts such as, for instance, variant forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives: clever-cleverer-the cleverest and clever-more clever- the most clever; or say, variation in forms observed in the plural of nouns, example hoofs- hooves, wharfs- wharves.
Synonymic forms in grammar are very similar but they always have very fine shades of difference. The important thing is to have a good control and command ever the patterns of the devices that signal structural meanings.
The change in synonymous grammatical forms is often a change in style. Examine the following sentences:... Marry she would! And quickly, too. Within two weeks( Mitchell, Gone, compare: " Marry she would" and "she would marry".
There is a marked difference in style between the two verb forms: the former is neutral, the latter is highly expressive and colorful.


Synonyms in grammar express different shades of the grammatical meaning one should be careful in the choice of the right forms, the best to convey the subtlernuances of that meaning.
Knowledge of synonymic differentiation between grammatical forms permits a systematic, objective investigation and description of style. A study of grammatical synonyms can supply a descriptive and critical comparison of diverse styles. Synonyms lend variety to language.