The Millennium Bridge.
JUNG, EMERGENT PROPERTIES, AND SELF-
ORGANIZATION
One of the first scientists to study self-organizing systems was Nobel laureate
Ilya Prigogine. He explored ways in which order can emerge out of apparent
chaos. His work contributed to the establishment of the Santa Fe Institute, which
studies complexity and chaos theory.
One branch of the Santa Fe Institute’s work examines systems that have self-
organizing features, also known as emergent properties. They are termed
emergent
because they don’t originate within the systems themselves but are
stimulated by forces in the external environment. In the book
Emergence: The
Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software,
researcher Stephen
Johnson writes, “In these systems, agents residing on one scale start producing
behavior that lies one scale above them. . . . The movement from low-level rules
to higher-level sophistication is what we call emergence” (Johnson, 2002, p. 18).
There are five characteristics of emergent structures (Corning, 2002). They
are:
Radical novelty: they spontaneously develop new features.
Coherence: they maintain themselves over a period of time.
Higher holistic order: they exhibit the property of wholeness.
Dynamic process: they evolve.
Apparent: they can be perceived.
One example of emergence is the evolution of distinct neighborhoods in large
cities. Like-minded people get together and organize the businesses, social clubs,
schools, and religious institutions most relevant to them. The process is organic
and bottom-up, resisting the top-down control systems of zoning laws and
planning commissions.
These types of “emergent intelligence” organize without consciousness and in
response to changing stimuli. Assimilating and responding to information,
emergent systems adapt and self-organize into new patterns. Physicist Doyne
Farmer said: “It’s not magic, but it feels like magic” (Corning, 2002).
A Nova Science television program on emergence uses the example of an ant
colony: “Ants are not mental giants, and they can’t see the big picture. Yet out of
their simple behaviors—follow the strongest pheromone trail, say, or save the
queen at all costs when under attack—arises a classic example of emergence: the
ant colony. The colony exhibits an extraordinary ability to explore and exploit its
surroundings. It is aware of and reacts to food sources, floods, enemies, and
other phenomena, over a substantial piece of ground. Each ant dies after days or
months, but the colony survives for years, becoming more stable and organized
over time” (Nova, 2007).
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |