Microsoft Word Theoretical Course of English Grammar

Study Questions: 
1.
How can you define syntagmatic relations between lingual units? 
2.
Give the definition of the term 
syntagma
. 
3.
Name the main types of syntagmas and define each of them. 
4.
How does a predicative syntagma differ from the rest? 
5.
Define paradigmatic relations between lingual units? 
6.
How do syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations differ from each other? 
7.
What are classical examples of paradigmatic relations between lingual units? 
8.
How is the language system organized (structured)? What does the hierarchy of levels
imply? 
9.
Describe each level of the hierarchical structure of language system. 
10.
Give the structural definition of the text. 
11.
Give the functional definition of the text. 

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Theoretical Course of English Grammar 
Script by prof. 
Nino Kirvalidze
13
Lecture 3 
Morphology as the study of internal structure 
of words 
The most basic concept of morphology is the concept of a
word
. Every speaker of every 
language knows thousands of words. Words are an important part of linguistic knowledge. 
They constitute a component of our mental grammar. Without words we would be unable to 
convey out thoughts through language. At the same time, we may know thousands of words 
and still not know the language.
There are two different notions of word: a dictionary word and a text word.
A dictionary 
word is an abstract entity called a lexeme
(this is because the mental dictionary in our heads is 
called 
the lexicon
). 
A text word is a concrete entity called a word-form.
Word-forms are 
concrete as they can be pronounced and used in texts.
The set of word-forms that belongs to a lexeme represents its grammatical paradigm
. For 
instance, the words 
live
, 
lives
, 
lived
, or 
has lived
are different word-forms of the lexeme 
live
, 
therefore they constitute its grammatical paradigm. But, not all morphological relations are of 
the indicated type. Different lexemes may also be related to each other, and 
a set of related 
lexemes represents a word family
(though it should more properly be called a lexeme family). 
For example, two English word families are: 
1.
READ, READABLE, UNREADABLE, READER, READABILITY, REREAD 
2.
LOGIC, LOGICIAN, LOGICAL, ILLOGICAL, ILLOGICALITY 
Although everyone recognizes that these words are related, they are given their own dictionary 
entries. Thus, the difference between word-forms and lexemes, and between paradigms and 
word families, is well established and it is known to all educated language users. 
There are two different kinds of morphological relationship among words: 
1.
derivational relationship which exists among lexemes of a word 
family ( = derivational morphology); 
2.
inflectional relationship which exists among word-forms within 
the paradigm of a lexeme ( = inflectional morphology). 
This distinction is central to morphology and it constitutes subject area of morphology.

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Theoretical Course of English Grammar 
Script by prof.