Microsoft Word Seminars on stylistics


Specimens of interpretation



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seminars in stylistics

Specimens of interpretation 
 
An Excerpt from 
A Christmas Carol
by Dickens 
1.
Marley was dead, to begin with. 
2.
There is no doubt whatever about that.
3.
The register of his burial was signed by the clergyman, the clerk, the 
undertaker and the chief mourner. 
4.
Scrooge signed it: and Scrooge’s name was good upon “Change for 
anything he chose to put his hand to.
5.
Old Marley was as dead as a door-nail. 
The main stylistic device used in the paragraph is 
climax
. The sentences are so 
arranged that each of the consecutive sentences is more important, more significant 
and more emotionally coloured than the preceding one, all of them forming a chain 
of interdependent elements. It is therefore important to observe the distribution of 
the sentences forming this stylistic device. The first sentence merely states the fact 
of Marley’s death. The statement is made not in what we generally call neutral 
style. It is somehow stylistically significant and therefore implicit in nature. What 
makes it so arresting? The combination of a solemn idea – a person being dead – 
and a common colloquial phrase – to begin with – which is inappropriate, unfit to 
the idea expressed. Such a notion as death generally calls forth lofty vocabulary 
and constructions and the phrase 
“to begin with”
sounds out of place here.
This stylistic device – a deliberate mixture of the stylistic aspects of words – 
unwittingly puts the reader on his guard. The solemnity of the idea is diminished to 
the level of an ordinary event. It is the starting point of a climax. 
The second statement is implicit in more than one way. First of all there is an 
intensifier, the word 
“whatever”
, which gives the sentence a degree of importance 
higher than the first. Then there comes a very tricky device. We suggest that it 
should be called “implication”. Why should the writer warn the reader that 
Marley’s death should not be subjected to doubt? If a person is said to be dead
well, that is the long and short of it. In ordinary circumstances no one would ever 
subject this kind of statement to doubt. Strange though it may sound the statement 


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that is literally intended to convince the reader that the event dealt with is true to 
fact, produces just the opposite effect: it makes the reader doubt the fact, or, to put 
it mildly, suspect something. Calling a person’s attention to something that needs 
no proof is sometimes on the verbal expression of a self-evident fact.
The third sentence should be analysed in connection with sentence 4. It is not 
independent from the point of view of the stylistic effect sought. The third sentence 
merely enumerates the people who signed the register of Marley’s burial. The 
enumeration is made in the traditional pattern of enumeration is connected with its 
co-members by the copulative conjunction 
“and”.
The members are equal in rank 
all bearing upon one and the same semantic field – those engaged in the 
performance of the funeral office.
But when taken in connection with sentence 4 it assumes quite another 
stylistic significance: the two sentences taken together form a stylistic device 
known as 
chiasmus 
or
reversed parallelism
. The third sentence is inverted as 
compared with the fourth. The two members of the construction form a stylistic 
whole in which the corresponding members are distributed according to the pattern 
ABBA. The third sentence is in the passive, the fourth in the active voice.
Let us by way of transformation compare the following two variants: 

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