5-tajriba ishi
Mavzu: VTP protokoli sozlash
Ishdan maqsad:
Lokal tarmoqda yaratilgan
VLAN lar o‘rtasida
marshrutizatsiyani amalga oshirish va VTP protokolini ishlash tamoyili bo`yicha
amaliy ko`nikmaga ega bo`lish.
Ushbu tajriba ishi bo`yicha topshiriq 2 qismdan tashkil topgan.
1-topshiriq:
–
Cisco Packet tracer muhitida lokal tarmoq yarating va qurilmalarning
bazaviy parametrlarini sozlang (5.2-rasm);
–
Har bir kommutatorda VLAN ID yarating va kommutatorlar o`rtasida
trank rejimini sozlang;
–
VLAN lar o‘rtasida marshrutizatsiyani Router-on-a-Stick usuli bo`yicha
sozlang (5.3-rasm);
–
Har bir kommutator konfiguratsiya natijalarini tahlil qiling.
2-topshiriq:
–
Qurilgan tarmoq bo`yicha VTP protokolini sozlang va ishlash tamoyilini
tushuntiring (5.4).
–
Har bir kommutator konfiguratsiya natijalarini tahlil qiling.
1 - topshiriq bo`yicha qisqacha nazariy ma’lumot
Ma’lumot uzatish tarmoqlarining samaradorligini oshirish va xavfsizligini
ta’minlashda lokal tarmoqlarda VLAN lar tashkil etiladi. VLAN tarmog`i fizik
emas, mantiqiy bog`lanishga asoslangan bo`lib, lokal tarmoqda qurilmalarni
guruhlaydi. VLAN tarmog`i doirasidagi qurilmalar guruhi xuddi qurilmalar bitta
o`tkazgich yordamida ulangandek bo`ladi.
VLAN tarmog`i administratorga foydalanuvchilarni yoki qurilmalarni
qayerda joylashganligiga bog`liq bo`lmagan holda qo`llanilish sohasi yoki
loyihalash guruhi funktsiyasi bo`yicha segmentatsiyani amalga oshirishga yordam
beradi. Kommutatorning ixtiyoriy porti VLAN ga tegishli bo`lishi mumkin. Bir
adresli (unicast), ko`p adresli (multicast) va keng eshittirishli (broadcast) paketlarni
uzatish va qabul qilish faqat o`sha VLAN doirasida bo`ladi. Har bir VLAN alohida
mantiqiy tarmoq hisoblanadi. VLAN ga tegishli bo`lmagan stantsiyalar paketlarni
jo`natish uchun marshrutizatorlar orqali uzatiladi.
VLAN tarmog`i LAN ning bir nechta segmentlarini qamrab oluvchi
mantiqiy keng eshittirishli (broadcast) domenni yaratadi. VLAN tarmog`i quyidagi
avzalliklarga ega:
Xavfsizlik:
muhim ma`lumotlarga ega bo`lgan guruhlarni tarmoqning
boshqa qismlaridan ajratiladi. Uning yordamida axborotni maxfiyligini buzilish
extimolligini kamaytiradi;
Xarajatlarni kamaytirish:
o`tkazish qobiliyatidan samarali foydalanish va
qimmat tarmoq inrastrukturalari yangilanishini arzonligi;
Samaradorlikni oshirish:
tarmoqni ikkinchi pog`onada bir nechta mantiqiy
guruhlarga bo`lish (keng eshittirishli domen) ortiqcha tarmoq trafigini sonini
kamaytiradi va samaradorlikni oshiradi;
Keng eshittirishli domenlarni kamaytiradi:
tarmoqni VLANlarga ajratish
keng eshittirishli domendagi qurilmalar sonini kamaytiradi.
Аxborot texnologiyalari bo`limining samaradorligini oshirish:
VLAN
tarmog`i
tarmoqni
boshqarishni
soddalashtiradi. Yangi kommutatorni
ekspluatatsiyaga kiritishda ko`rsatilgan portlarda kerakli qoida va jarayonlarni
amalga oshiradi. Аxborot texnologiyalari mutaxassislari VLAN ga tegishli nom
bilan tarmoqni funktsiyasini tezda aniqlashadi.
Har bir VLAN tarmoqda qaysidir bir IP tarmoqqa tegishli bo`ladi. VLAN ni
loyihalashda tarmoq adreslashining ierarxik tizimini amalga oshirishni inobatga
olish lozim. Ierarxik adreslash degenda tarmoqni to`liq ishlashida VLAN tarmog`i
yoki IP tarmoqning segmentlarini tartibli berilgan raqamlanishi tushiniladi.
Vlan tarmoqlari asosan 2 xil diapazoda bo`ladi:
1.Standart – 1 dan 1005 gacha
2.Kengaytirilgan – 1006 dan 4094 gacha
Kommutator portlari VlAN 1 ga oldindan biriktirilgan bo`ladi (default vlan, native
vlan = 1)
5.1-rasm. VLAN 1 ga biriktirilgan portlar ro‘yxati
1 topshiriq bo`yicha tajriba ishini bajarish tartibi
5.2-rasmda ko`rsatilgan topologiya bo`yicha Sw1, Sw2 kommutatorlar
uchun asosiy konfiguratsiyalarni sozlang.
5.2-rasm. VLAN tarmog`i asosida tuzilgan tarmoq topologiyasi
5.1-jadval
Qurilma
IP-manzil
Gateway
VLAN ID
Interface Port rejimlari
Laptop0 192.168.10.1 192.168.10.254
vlan 10
Fa0/1
Access
Laptop1 192.168.10.2 192.168.10.254
vlan 10
Fa0/2
Access
Laptop2 192.168.30.1 192.168.30.254
vlan 30
Fa0/5
Access
Laptop3 192.168.30.2 192.168.30.254
vlan 30
Fa0/6
Access
Laptop4 192.168.20.1 192.168.20.254
vlan 20
Fa0/3
Access
Laptop5 192.168.20.2 192.168.20.254
vlan 20
Fa0/4
Access
Laptop6 192.168.10.3 192.168.10.254
vlan 10
Fa0/1
Access
Laptop7 192.168.10.4 192.168.10.254
vlan 10
Fa0/2
Access
Laptop8 192.168.20.3 192.168.20.254
vlan 20
Fa0/3
Access
Laptop9 192.168.20.4 192.168.20.254
vlan 20
Fa0/4
Access
Laptop10 192.168.30.3 192.168.30.254
vlan 30
Fa0/5
Access
Laptop11 192.168.30.4 192.168.30.254
vlan 30
Fa0/6
Access
SW1
-
-
Vlan
10,20,30
Fa0/7
Trunk
SW2
-
-
Vlan
10,20,30
Fa0/7
Trunk
Sw1 va Sw2 kommutatorlarda VLAN (10, 20, 30) yaratish va unga mos
ravishda nom berilishi (bugalteriya, student, dekanat).
Switch>enable
Switch#conf terminal
Switch(config)#hostname Sw1
Sw1(config)#vlan 10
Sw1(config-vlan)#name bugalteriya
Sw1(config-vlan)#exit
Sw1(config)#vlan 20
Sw1(config-vlan)#name student
Sw1(config-vlan)#exit
Sw1(config)#vlan 30
Sw1(config-vlan)#name dekanat
Sw1(config-vlan)#exit
Switch>enable
Switch#conf terminal
Switch(config)#hostname Sw2
Sw2(config)#vlan 10
Sw2(config-vlan)#name bugalteriya
Sw2(config-vlan)#exit
Sw2(config)#vlan 20
Sw2(config-vlan)#name student
Sw2(config-vlan)#exit
Sw2(config)#vlan 30
Sw2(config-vlan)#name dekanat
Sw2(config-vlan)#exit
Switch da yaratilgan Vlanlarni ko`rish
Kommutator portlarini Vlan ID larga biriktirish
Sw1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
Sw1(config-if)#switchport mode access
Sw1(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10
Sw1(config-if)#exit
Sw1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/2
Sw1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/3
Sw1(config-if)#switchport mode access
Sw1(config-if)#switchport access vlan 20
Sw1(config-if)#exit
Sw1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/4
Sw1(config-if)#switchport mode access
Sw1(config-if)#switchport access vlan 20
Sw1(config-if)#exit
Sw1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/5
Sw1(config-if)#switchport mode access
Sw1(config-if)#switchport access vlan 30
Sw1(config-if)#exit
Sw1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/6
Sw1(config-if)#switchport mode access
Sw1(config-if)#switchport access vlan 30
Sw1(config-if)#exit
Sw2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
Sw2(config-if)#switchport mode access
Sw2(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10
Sw2(config-if)#exit
Sw2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/2
Sw2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/3
Sw2(config-if)#switchport mode access
Sw2(config-if)#switchport access vlan 20
Sw2(config-if)#exit
Sw2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/4
Sw2(config-if)#switchport mode access
Sw2(config-if)#switchport access vlan 20
Sw2(config-if)#exit
Sw2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/5
Sw2(config-if)#switchport mode access
Sw2(config-if)#switchport access vlan 30
Sw2(config-if)#exit
Sw2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/6
Sw2(config-if)#switchport mode access
Sw2(config-if)#switchport access vlan 30
Sw2(config-if)#exit
Sw1 va Sw2 kommutatorlar o`rtasida trunk rejimini sozlash va magistral
liniya bo`yicha aniq VLAN ID ta’yinlash.
Sw1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/7
Sw1(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
Sw1(config-if)#switchport trunk allowed vlan 10,20,30
Sw1(config-if)#end
Sw1#show running-config
Yuqorida keltirilgan buyruq bitta kommutatorga sozlansa yetarli boladi,
sababi 2 chi kommutator 1 chi kommutatorga ulangan interfeysini (fa0/7)
avtomatik trank rejimini o`tkazadi
VLAN lar o‘rtasida marshrutizatsiyani sozlash
Lokal tarmoqda yaratilgan
VLAN lar o‘rtasida marshrutizatsiyani
sozlashning 3 xil usuli mavjud:
-
Demonstrating the legacy inter-VLAN routing.
-
Router-on-a-Stick
-
Switch Based Inter Vlan Routing
Bu tajriba ishida VLAN lar o‘rtasida marshrutizatsiyani Router-on-a-stick
(ROS) usulidan foydalanamiz.
5.3-rasm. VLAN o‘rtasida marshrutizatsiyalashning ROS usuli
Sw1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/8
Sw1(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
Router>enable
Router#conf t
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1.10
Router(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1Q 10
Router(config-subif)#ip address 192.168.10.254 255.255.255.0
Router(config-subif)#exit
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1.20
Router(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1Q 20
Router(config-subif)#ip address 192.168.20.254 255.255.255.0
Router(config-subif)#exit
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1.30
Router(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1Q 30
Router(config-subif)#ip address 192.168.30.254 255.255.255.0
Router(config-subif)#exit
2 - topshiriq bo`yicha qisqacha nazariy ma’lumot
VTP (ingliz. VLAN Trunking Protocol) - lokal hisoblash tarmog`i protokoli
bo`lib, tanlangan trank portda VLAN haqida axborot almashish uchun xizmat
qiladi. VTP – vlan larni dinamik tarzda sinxronizatsiyalash uchun ishlatiladi;
3 xil rejimi mavjud:
1.
Client
– VLAN larni o`zgartirish, o`chirish, yaratish mumkin emas;
2.
Transparent
– bunda, switch da sinxronizatsiya amalga oshirilmaydi,
switch faqat o`tkazuvchi vazifasini bajaradi;
3.
Server
– VLAN bilan istalgan funktsiyalarni bajarish mumkin;
Vtp serverda vlan yaratiladi Clientlar avtomatik serverda yaratilgan VLAN
larni qabul qiladi. Xavfsizlik ta ‘minlash maqsadida bu protokolda Client switch
vlan yarata olmaydi, faqat foydalanuvchilarni o`zlariga biriktira oladi. Tarmoqda
qandaydir o’zgarish yuz bersa (masalan yangi vlan qo`shilishi yoki olib tashlash)
faqat VTP server orqali amalga oshiriladi.
VTP-da uchta xabar turi mavjud:
1.
Advertisement requests
Summary Advertisement Alert uchun mijozdan serverga so'rov taqdim etadi
2.
Summary advertisements
Ushbu standart xabar server har 5 daqiqada yoki konfiguratsiyani
o'zgartirgandan so'ng darhol yuboradi.
3.
Subset advertisements
VLAN konfiguratsiyasini o'zgartirgandan so'ng, shuningdek, ogohlantirish
so'rovidan keyin darhol yuboriladi.
VLAN ma'lumotlar bazasining yangi versiyasi serverdan olgan mijoz uni
boshqa barcha trank portlarga uzatadi, agar uning orqasida yana VTP Client lari va
VTP Transparent lari bo`lsa, ular ham ushbu yangilanishlarni oladi.
VTP protokolining bazaviy sozlamasi
switch(config)#vtp mode - bu yerda kerakli rejim tanlanadi: server, client,
transparent yoki off.
Protokol versiyasi tanlanadi:
Switch(config)# vtp version 2
Domen va parol kiritiladi:
Switch(config)# vtp domain - domen nomi
Switch(config)# vtp password parol [hidden | secret]
Kerakli rejimga o‘tiladi:
Switch(config)# vtp mode server | client | transparent | off
Yuqoridagi buyruqlardan so‘ng VTP yoqiladi, biroq, zarur vaqtda uni
ma’lum bir interfeyslarda o‘chirib qo‘yish ham mumkin:
Switch(config-if) # no vtp
Protokol sozlamalarini ko‘rish uchun quyidagi buyruqlarni kiritish kerak:
Switch# show vtp status
Switch# show vtp devices
Switch# show vtp interface
Ishni bajarish tartibi
5.4-rasmda keltirilgan topologiyani yarating. O‘zingiz uchun topologiyadagi
qaysi kommutatorlar Client, Transparent, Server ekanligini belgilab oling.
5.4-rasm. VTP bo`yicha tuzilgan tarmoq topologiyasi
VTP SERVER
Switch(config)#vtp version 2
Switch(config)#vtp mode server
Switch(config)#vtp domain tuit
Switch(config)#vtp password cisco
Switch(config)#vlan 10
Switch(config)#name student
Switch(config-vlan)#exit
Switch(config)#vlan 20
Switch(config)#name kafedra
Switch(config-vlan)#exit
Switch(config)#vlan 30
Switch(config-vlan)#name test
Switch(config-vlan)#exit
Switch(config)#interface range fastEth 0/1-2
Switch(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk
VTP Transparent
Switch(config)#vtp version 2
Switch(config)#vtp mode transparent
Switch(config)#vtp domain tuit
Switch(config)#vtp password cisco
Switch(config)#vlan 10
Switch(config)#name student
Switch(config-vlan)#exit
Switch(config)#vlan 20
Switch(config)#name kafedra
Switch(config-vlan)#exit
Switch(config)#vlan 30
Switch(config-vlan)#name test
Switch(config-vlan)#exit
Switch(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/2
Switch(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk
VTP client
Switch(config)#vtp version 2
Switch(config)#vtp mode client
Switch(config)#vtp domain tuit
Switch(config)#vtp password cisco
Switch(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10
Switch(config-if)#exit
Switch(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/2
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 20
Switch(config-if)#exit
Switch(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/4
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 30
Switch(config-if)#exit
Transparent switch natijalari
Client switch natijalari
Nazorat savollari
1.
VLAN adreslar diapazoni qancha?
2.
Bitta kommutator qurilmasida nechtagacha vlan ID yaratish mumkin?
3.
Vlan lar o`rtasida marshrutizatsiyaning qanday usullari mavjud.
4.
VTP da client switch nimani anglatadi?
5.
VTP da server switch nimani anglatadi?
6.
VTP da transparent switch nimani anglatadi?
7.
Qaysi turdagi switch asosiy tashabbuskor hisoblanadi?
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