144
«woman».
human human
girl female boy male
young young
Here the component «male» distinguishes the word «boy» from «girl».
Componential analysis deals with individual meanings. Different meanings
of polysemantic words have different com-ponential structure.
For example. the
comparison of two meanings of the word
«boy».
human human
1. a male child male 2. a male servant male
young up to the any age
age 17 or 18
Each part of speech has a distinguishing semantic feature. Nouns have the
component «substantiality» or «thingness,» adjectives have «quality» and so on.
The semantic features of words may be classified into markers and distinguishes.
Semantic markers are semantic features which can be found (or are present) also in
the lexical meaning of other words. Distinguishes are semantic features which are
individual, which are not present in the lexical meaning of other words.
countable noun
human
spinster adult
female
who has never married
«Countable noun» — is
a marker, because it represents
a subclass within nouns and it is a semantic feature which the word «spinster» has
in common with all other countable nouns (boy, table, flower, idea etc.).
«human»
is a marker because it refers the word «
spinsten» to nouns denoting human beings.
«adult» is a marker because it is a subdivision of human beings into adult and
young. «female» is a marker too because it shows a subclass of adult females as
woman, widow, mother etc. «Who has never married» — is a distinguisher
because it differentiates the meaning of the word from other words which have all
other common semantic features.
Componential analysis is also used in the investigation of the semantic
structure of synonyms. There is a certain component of meaning which differs one
member from any other member of the same synonymic set.
object
thick inan imate
human
stout male
human
145
buxom female
The adjective
«thick» has no the component
«human», «stout» does not
contain the semantic component
«object» (a thick book, a stout man) and the
adjective «buxom» possesses the semantic component «female» which is not to be
found in either the English adjectives «thick» or
«stout».
The analysis into the components
«animate», «inanimate», «object»
«human», «male» «female» shows the difference in the meaning of synonyms.
The analysis helps us to find out the correspondence between the semantic
structure of correlated words or correlated meanings of words in different
languages. The words «thick», «stout», «buxom» and the word “толстый” (ceмиз)
are not semantically identical because the Russian word «толстый» is used to
describe both humans and
objects,
For example. толстый человек, толстая книга
The Uzbek word
«ceмиз» does not contain the semantic component
«male»
and «
female».
The components of the lexical or the grammatical meanings may be singled
out by the co-occurrence analysis
Unfortunately the dictionaries do not always point out such semantic components
of words as «
animate — inanimates», «
human—nonhuman», «
young — old» etc.
We know these components in their collocability with certain types of nouns.
The semantic components of the verb «to smoke» such as «
age», «human» can be
found when it is combined with certain nouns denoting these components.
The «
female» or «
male» component of the meaning of the noun «baby» can
be observed through the co-occurrence of it with the possessive pronouns
«his» or
«
her».
The baby drank his milk
The baby drank her milk
The componential analysis is widely used in modern linguistics. (Nida E.
Gornponential Analysis of Meaning. The Hague, 1975)
The words in different languages have their own semantic components.
Comparing the English verb
«to go», Uzbek word
«6opмоқ»
and Russian
«xoдить», «ехать» we can see that in tha English and Uzbek words the way of
movement is not shown. But in Russian verbs xoдить and eзжить this component
is shown in them. We see here the hidden component of meaning. The hidden
component of meaning is a component which can be revealed through the
collocability of words.
It is impossible to say in Russian
«ехать пешком». R. S. Ginzburg says that the
hidden component of meaning of words is the linguistic property of the word. It
can be found with the help of co-occurrence analysis. (See “distributional
analysis”) To study the hidden components of words is very important for
language teaching.
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