Microsoft Word lexicologiya o'UM. doc

fine
fine
process
process
–
–
the
the
linguist
linguist
is
is
required
required
to
to
seek
seek
verification
verification
of
of
the
the
generalizations
generalizations
that
that
are
are
the
the
result
result
of
of
his
his
inquires
inquires
. 
. 
For
For
these
these
aims
aims
different
different
methods
methods
&
&
procedures
procedures
are
are
used
used
. 
. 
They
They
are
are
:
:
contrastive
contrastive
analyses
analyses
,
,
statistical
statistical
methods
methods
of
of
analyses
analyses
, 
, 
immediate
immediate
constituents
constituents
analyses
analyses
,
,
distributional
distributional
analyses
analyses
, 
, 
transformational
transformational
analyses
analyses
, 
, 
componental
componental
analyses
analyses
&
&
method
method
of
of
semantic
semantic
differentiation
differentiation
.
.
L
L
inguistic
inguistic
generalization
generalization
is
is
to
to
be
be
followed
followed
by
by
the
the
very
very
fine
fine
process
process
–
–
the
the
linguist
linguist
is
is
required
required
to
to
seek
seek
verification
verification
of
of
the
the
generalizations
generalizations
that
that
are
are
the
the
result
result
of
of
his
his
inquires
inquires
. 
. 
For
For
these
these
aims
aims
different
different
methods
methods
&
&
procedures
procedures
are
are
used
used
. 
. 
They
They
are
are
:
:
contrastive
contrastive
analyses
analyses
,
,
statistical
statistical
methods
methods
of
of
analyses
analyses
, 
, 
immediate
immediate
constituents
constituents
analyses
analyses
,
,
distributional
distributional
analyses
analyses
, 
, 
transformational
transformational
analyses
analyses
, 
, 
componental
componental
analyses
analyses
&
&
method
method
of
of
semantic
semantic
differentiation
differentiation
.
.

---

82 
Contrastive analysis can be carried out at three linguistic
levels :phonology , grammar ( morphology & syntax ) & lexis .
Contrastive analysisis applied to reveal the features of
sameness & difference in the lexicalmeaning & the semantic
structure of correlated words in different languages. It is
commonly assumed by non-linguists that all languages
havevocabulary systems in which the words themselves differ
in sound-form , butrefer to reality in the same way . From this
assumption it follows that forevery word in the mother
tongue there is an exact equivalent in the foreignlanguage . It
is a belief which is reinforced by the small
bilingualdictionary where single-word translation is often
used .Language learningcannot be just a matter of
substitution a new set of labels for thefamiliar ones of the
mother tongue .It should be born in mind that thoughthe
objective reality exists outside human beings & irrespective
of thelanguage they speak , every language classifies reality
in its own way bymeans of vocabulary units .
The Structure of Words: 
Morphology
• Fundamental concepts in how words 
are composed out of smaller parts
• The nature of these parts
• The nature of the rules that combine 
these parts into larger units
• What it might mean to be a 
word

---

83 
Today
I.
Morphemes
II. Types of Morphemes
III.Putting Morphemes together into 
larger structures
–
Words with internal structure
–
Interesting properties of compounds
I. Morphemes
• Remember that in phonology the 
basic distinctive units of sound are 
phonemes
• In morphology, the basic unit is the 
morpheme
• Basic definition: A morpheme is a 
minimal unit of sound and meaning
(this can be modified in various 
ways; see below)

---

84 
Some Examples
• Many words can be divided into 
smaller parts, where the parts also 
occur in other words:
dogs
walking
blackens
player-
hater
dog-s
walk-ing
black-en-s play-er hat-
er
Compare: cat-s; runn-ing; dark-en-s; eat-
er
(note: in some cases there are spelling 
changes when we add morphemes; ignore 
this)
Connections between 
Sound 
and
Meaning
• Remember that a 
phoneme
sometimes 
has more than one sound form, while 
being the same abstract unit: /p/ 
with [p] and [p
h
]
• A related thing happens with 
morphemes as well
• In order to see this, we have to look 
at slightly more complex cases

---

85 
Allomorphy, cont
.
•
In the case of phonology, we said that the different 
allophones
of a phoneme are part of the same phoneme, but 
are found in particular contexts
•
The same is true of the different 
allomorphs
of a 
morpheme
•
Which allomorph of a morpheme is found depends on its 
context; in this case, what it is attached to:
– Example: consider [pl] for English plural. It 
normally has the pronunciation –s (i.e. /z/), but
• moose / moose- Ø
• ox / ox-en
• box/*box-en/box-es
• So, the special allomorphs depend on the 
noun
II. Morpheme Types
We’ll now set out some further 
distinctions among morpheme types
• Our working definition of 
morpheme
was ‘minimal unit of sound and 
meaning’
• A further division among morphemes 
involves whether 
they can occur on 
their own or not:
– No: -s in dog-s; -ed in kick-ed; cran- in 
cran-berry
– Yes: dog, kick, berry

---

86 
I. Lexicology: central terms
I. Lexicology: central terms
1.
1.
Lexicology
Lexicology
–
–
a branch of linguistic; 
a branch of linguistic; 
2.
2.
Word
Word
-
the basic unit of a 
the basic unit of a 
language; 
language; 
3.
3.
Vocabulary
Vocabulary
-
-
the system formed by 
the system formed by 
the total sum of all the words 
the total sum of all the words 
II. Parts of Lexicology
II. Parts of Lexicology
1.
1.
General Lexicology 
General Lexicology 
-
-
the study of 
the study of 
vocabulary irrespective of the specific 
vocabulary irrespective of the specific 
features of any particular language;
features of any particular language;
2.
2.
Special Lexicology 
Special Lexicology 
-
-
the Lexicology 
the Lexicology 
of a particular language (English, 
of a particular language (English, 
Russian, etc.), i.e. the study and 
Russian, etc.), i.e. the study and 
description of its vocabulary and 
description of its vocabulary and 
vocabulary units. 
vocabulary units. 

---

87 
Areas of Lexicology
Areas of Lexicology
1.
Historical Lexicology;
2.
Descriptive Lexicology;
3.
Comparative Lexicology;
4.
Contrastive Lexicology;
5.
Combinatorial Lexicology; 
6.
Applied Lexicology.
Modern English Lexicology studies:
Modern English Lexicology studies:
1.
1.
Semasiology;
Semasiology;
2.
2.
Word
Word
-
-
Structure;
Structure;
3.
3.
Word
Word
-
-
Formation;
Formation;
4.
4.
Etymology of the English Word
Etymology of the English Word
-
-
Stock;
Stock;
5.
5.
Word
Word
-
-
groups and Phraseological Units;
groups and Phraseological Units;
6.
6.
Variants of The English Language;
Variants of The English Language;
7.
7.
Lexicography.
Lexicography.

---

88 
III. Two Approaches to Language Study
III. Two Approaches to Language Study
►
►
The 
The synchronic (descriptive)