Microsoft Word lexicologiya o'UM. doc

Initial abbreviations 
Initialisms are the bordering case between graphical and lexical 
abbreviations. When they appear in the language, as a rule, to denote some new 
offices they are closer to graphical abbreviations because orally full forms are used, 
e.g. J.V. - joint venture. When they are used for some duration of time they acquire 
the shortened form of pronouncing and become closer to lexical abbreviations, e.g. 
BBC is as a rule pronounced in the shortened form. 
In some cases the translation of initialisms is next to impossible without 
using special dictionaries. Initialisms are denoted in different ways. Very often they 
are expressed in the way they are pronounced in the language of their origin, e.g. 
ANZUS (Australia, New Zealand, United States) is given in Russian as АНЗУС, 
SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) was for a long time used in Russian as 
СОЛТ, now a translation variant is used (ОСВ -Договор об ограничении 
стратегических вооружений). This type of initialisms borrowed into other 
languages is preferable, e.g. UFO - НЛО, CП - JV etc. 
There are three types of initialisms in English: 
a) initialisms with alphabetical reading, such as UK, BUP, CND etc 
b) initialisms which are read as if they are words, e.g. UNESCO, UNO, NATO
c) initialisms which coincide with English words in their sound form, 
such initialisms are called acronyms, e.g. CLASS (Computor-based Laboratory 
for Automated School System). 
Some scientists unite groups b) and c) into one group which they call 
acronyms. 
Some initialisms can form new words in which they act as root morphemes 
by different ways of wordbuilding: 
a) affixation, e.g. AWALism, ex-rafer, ex- POW, to waafize, AIDSophobia etc. 
b) conversion, e.g. to raff, to fly IFR (Instrument Flight Rules), 
c) composition, e.g. STOLport, USAFman etc. 
d) there are also compound-shortened words where the first component is an initial 
abbreviation with the alphabetical reading and the second one is a complete word, 
e.g. A-bomb, U-pronunciation, V -day etc. In some cases the first component is a 
complete word and the second component is an initial abbreviation with the 
alphabetical pronunciation, e.g. Three –Ds (Three dimensions) - стереофильм.