Microsoft Word lexicologiya o'UM. doc

 
 
Composition 
Composition is the way of wordbuilding when a word is formed by joining 
two or more stems to form one word. The structural unity of a compound word 
depends upon : a) the unity of stress, b) solid or hyphenated spelling, c) semantic 
unity, d) unity of morphological and syntactical functioning. These are charachteristic 

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features of compound words in all languages. For English compounds some of these 
factors are not very reliable. As a rule English compounds have one uniting stress 
(usually on the first component), e.g. hard-cover, best-seller. We can also have a 
double stress in an English compound, with the main stress on the first component 
and with a secondary stress on the second component, e.g. blood-vessel. The third 
pattern of stresses is two level stresses, e.g. snow-white,sky-blue. The third pattern is 
easily mixed up with word-groups unless they have solid or hyphonated 
spelling.Spelling in English compounds is not very reliable as well because they 
can have different spelling even in the same text, e.g. war-ship, blood-vessel can be 
spelt through a hyphen and also with a break, iinsofar, underfoot can be spelt solidly 
and with a break. All the more so that there has appeared in Modern English a special 
type of compound words which are called block compounds, they have one uniting 
stress but are spelt with a break, e.g. air piracy, cargo module, coin change, pinguin 
suit etc. 
The semantic unity of a compound word is often very strong. In such cases 
we have idiomatic compounds where the meaning of the whole is not a sum of 
meanings of its components, e.g. to ghostwrite, skinhead, brain-drain etc. In 
nonidiomatic compounds semantic unity is not strong, e. g., airbus, to 
bloodtransfuse, astrodynamics etc. 
English compounds have the unity of morphological and syntactical 
functioning. They are used in a sentence as one part of it and only one component 
changes grammatically, e.g. These girls are chatter-boxes. «Chatter-boxes» is a 
predicative in the sentence and only the second component changes grammatically. 
There are two characteristic features of English compounds: 
a) Both components in an English compound are free stems, that is they can be used 
as words with a distinctive meaning of their own. The sound pattern will be the same 
except for the stresses, e.g. «a green-house» and «a green house». Whereas for 
example in Russian compounds the stems are bound morphemes, as a rule. 
b) English compounds have a two-stem pattern, with the exception of compound 
words which have form-word stems in their structure, e.g. middle- of-the-road, off-
the-record, up-and-doing etc. The two-stem pattern distinguishes English compounds
from German ones.