Microsoft Word Kurzweil, Ray The Singularity Is Near doc

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As a final example, researchers have had difficulty analyzing the Reed-Sternberg cell of 
Hodgkin's disease because of its extreme rarity in diseased tissue. Expression profiling is now 
providing a clue regarding the heritage of this cell. J. Cossman et al., "Reed-Sternberg Cell Genome 
Expression Supports a B-Cell Lineage," 
Blood
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28.
T. Ueland et al., "Growth Hormone Substitution Increases Gene Expression of Members of the IGF 
Family in Cortical Bone from Women with Adult Onset Growth Hormone Deficiency—
Relationship with Bone Turn-Over," 
Bone
33.4 (October 2003): 638–45. 
29.
R. Lovett, "Toxicologists Brace for Genomics Revolution," 
Science
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30.
Gene transfer to somatic cells affects a subset of cells in the body for a period of time. It is 
theoretically possible also to alter genetic information in egg and sperm (germ-line) cells, for the 
purpose of passing on those changes to the next generations. Such therapy poses many ethical 
concerns and has not yet been attempted. "Gene Therapy," Wikipedia, 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy. 
31.
Genes encode proteins, which perform vital functions in the human body. Abnormal or mutated 
genes encode proteins that are unable to perform those functions, resulting in genetic disorders and 
diseases. The goal of gene therapy is to replace the defective genes so that normal proteins are 
produced. This can be done in a number of ways, but the most typical way is to insert a therapeutic 
replacement gene into the patient's target cells using a carrier molecule called a vector. "Currently, 
the most common vector is a virus that has been genetically altered to carry normal human DNA. 
Viruses have evolved a way of encapsulating and delivering their genes to human cells in a 
pathogenic manner. Scientists have tried to take advantage of this capability and manipulate the 
virus genome to remove the disease-causing genes and insert therapeutic genes" (Human Genome 
Project, "Gene Therapy," 
http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetherapy.html). See the Human 
Genome Project site for more information about gene therapy and links. Gene therapy is an 
important enough area of research that there are currently six scientific peer-reviewed gene-therapy 
journals and four professional associations dedicated to this topic. 
32.
K. R. Smith, "Gene Transfer in Higher Animals: Theoretical Considerations and KeyConcepts," 
Journal of Biotechnology
99.1 (October 9, 2002): 1–22. 
33.
Anil Ananthaswamy, "Undercover Genes Slip into the Brain," March 20, 2003, 
http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99993520. 
34.
A. E. Trezise et al., "In Vivo Gene Expression: DNA Electrotransfer," Current Opinion in 
Molecular Therapeutics 5.4 (August 2003): 397-404. 
35.
Sylvia Westphal, "DNA Nanoballs Boost Gene Therapy," May 12, 2002, 
http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99992257. 

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36.
L. Wu, M. Johnson, and M. Sato, "Transcriptionally Targeted Gene Therapy to Detect and Treat 
Cancer," 
Trends in Molecular Medicine
9.10 (October 2003): 421–29. 
37.
S. Westphal, "Virus Synthesized in a Fortnight," November 14,2003, 
http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994383. 
38.
G. Chiesa, "Recombinant Apolipoprotein A-I(Milano) Infusion into Rabbit Carotid Artery Rapidly 
Removes Lipid from Fatty Streaks," 
Circulation Research
90.9 (May 17, 2002): 974–80; P. K. 
Shah et al., "High-Dose Recombinant Apolipoprotein A-I(Milano) Mobilizes Tissue Cholesterol 
and Rapidly Reduces Plaque Lipid and Macrophage Content in Apolipoprotein e-Deficient Mice,"