CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION: RATIONALE AND PURPOSE.................................................................................................1
2. DESIGN RESEARCH.........................................................................................................................................3
2.1. Research problem and main research questions ...................................................................................3
2.2. Design research ......................................................................................................................................5
2.3. Description of the design process – developing holistic and inquiry-‐based ESD in chemistry...............6
3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK..........................................................................................................................9
3.1. Sustainable development in chemistry ..................................................................................................9
3.1.1. Green chemistry ............................................................................................................................10
3.1.2. Life-‐cycle analysis of a product......................................................................................................12
3.2. Education for sustainable development in chemistry ..........................................................................15
3.2.1. Green chemistry in education .......................................................................................................18
3.2.2. Environmental literacy ..................................................................................................................19
3.2.3. Socio-‐scientific issues ....................................................................................................................20
3.2.4. Life-‐cycle thinking skills .................................................................................................................24
3.2.5. Inquiry-‐based teaching methods...................................................................................................26
3.2.6. Argumentation as a teaching method...........................................................................................28
4. THE PHASES OF DESIGN RESEARCH.............................................................................................................29
4.1. Design solution – Teaching life-‐cycle thinking......................................................................................30
4.2. Effects of the design solution – Students’ perspectives on IBL-‐LCA.....................................................32
4.3. Generating domain knowledge about holistic and inquiry-‐based ESD in chemistry............................33
5. EMPIRICAL RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................36
5.1. Design solution – Teaching of life-‐cycle thinking..................................................................................36
5.2. Effects of the design solution – Student perspectives .........................................................................37
6. VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY ..........................................................................................................................40
7. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................43
7.1. Inquiry-‐based learning of life-‐cycle analysis – A teaching concept for ESD..........................................43
7.2. Students' perspectives on IBL-‐LCA .......................................................................................................46
7.3. Holistic and inquiry-‐based ESD in chemistry ........................................................................................49
7.4. Evaluation of design process ................................................................................................................52
7.5. Implications ..........................................................................................................................................54
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
