Microsoft Word Ed Horwitz Post Dissertation Fina docx



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Participant Group (N=46
Variable 


 


Age 
 
 
 
 
 
 Less than 25 

7.1% 
 

19.6% 
 25 to 34 
22 
39.3% 
 
10 
21.7% 
 35 to 44 

12.5% 
 
10 
21.7% 
 45 to 54 
15 
26.8% 
 

10.9% 
 55 and over 

14.3% 
 
12 
26.1% 
Gender 
 
 
 
 
 
 Male 
21 
37.5% 
 
11 
23.9% 
 Female 
35 
62.5% 
 
35 
76.1% 
Race 
 
 
 
 
 
 White 
56 
100.0% 
 
45 
97.8% 
 Non-White 

0.0% 
 

2.2% 
Ethnicity 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hispanic 

7.1% 
 

0.0% 
 Non-Hispanic 
52 
92.9% 
 
46 
100.0% 
Education 
 
 
 
 
 
 High school graduate or less 

12.4% 
 

6.5% 
 Assoc. and Some college 
14 
25.0% 
 
21 
45.6% 
 Bachelor degree and post-grad 
35 
62.6% 
 
22 
47.9% 
Marital status 
 
 
 
 
 
 Single 
16 
28.6% 
 
20 
43.5% 
 Married 
40 
71.4% 
 
26 
56.5% 
Homeownership status 
 
 
 
 
 
 Homeowner 
45 
80.4% 
 
31 
67.4% 
 Not a homeowner 
11 
19.6% 
 
15 
32.6% 
Income 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lower: Less than $38,521 

9.0% 
 

10.8% 
 Moderate: $38,521 to $101,582 
29 
51.7% 
 
22 
47.8% 


 
37 
 
 Results 
A series of t-tests were run to compare the average pre and post financial literacy scores 
among and between the participant (N = 46) and the control group (N = 56). The results of the 
paired sample t-tests among the participant and control groups are shown in Table 2.2. The 
participants had a pre survey mean of M =7.84 (SD=1.46) and a post survey mean of M =8.34 
(SD=1.56). The control group had a pre survey mean of M =8.23 (SD=1.53) and a post survey 
mean of M =8.03 (SD=1.54). A significant difference was only found among the participant 
group average scores, t(45) = 1.84, p = .071. 
Table 2.2 Financial Literacy in Relation to Participation in Workplace Financial Education 
Program (N = 102) 
 
Pre Survey 
Post Survey 

Participant Group 
7.84 
8.34 
  1.84* 
Control Group 
8.23 
8.03 
-1.18 
* p<0.10,  ** p<0.05,  *** p<0.01 
Note: Financial literacy was assessed using a 10-question scale where correct  
answers = 1, and incorrect answers or “do not know” = 0.  
 Higher: Over $101,582 
22 
39.3% 
 
19 
41.4% 
Net Worth 
 
 
 
 
 
 Below 0 

12.5% 
 

15.2% 
 $1 to $49,999 
16 
28.6% 
 
14 
30.4% 
 $50,000 to $149,999 
12 
21.4% 
 
10 
21.7% 
 $150,000 and over 
21 
37.5% 
 
15 
32.6% 
Household size 
 
 
 
 
 
 One 

5.4% 
 

6.5% 
 Two 
28 
50.0% 
 
23 
50.0% 
 Three 

16.1% 
 
10 
21.7% 
 Four or more 
16 
28.6% 
 
10 
21.8% 


 
38 
Additionally, there were two participants who received a perfect score of 10 on the pre 
survey compared to 14 control group individuals. However, on the post survey, there were 12 
participants who achieved a perfect score (21.8% increase), while the control group number fell 
to 9 (-8.9%). Additionally, on the pre survey there were 71.7% of participants who scored 8 out 
of 10 or higher, while 66.1% of the control group scored 8 or higher. On the post survey, the 
participant group grew to 78.3% (6.6% increase), and the control group grew to 68% (1.9% 
increase). 
To test the hypothesis that the average change in financial literacy would be positive and 
significantly greater among the participant group versus the control group, independent t-tests 
were performed. The results of the analysis are shown in Table 2.3. The participant group was 
associated with an average change in financial literacy score of M = 0.50 (SD = 1.83). By 
comparison, the control group was associated with a numerically smaller average change in 
financial literacy score of M = -.196 (SD = 1.24). The distributions for the participant and control 
groups were sufficiently normal for the purposes of conducting a t-test (i.e., skew < |2.0| and 
kurtosis < |9.0|; Schmider, Ziegler, Dannay, Beyer, & Buhner, 2010). The result of the Levene’s 
F test for homogeneity indicated the variances were assumed to be not equal (F(76) = 4.45, p = 
.037), so the t-tests were performed assuming unequal variances. The results indicated a 
statistically significant effect, t(76) = 2.19, p = .031, only for the change in financial literacy 
scores between the groups. The results of these tests support Hypothesis 1, indicating that 
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