Microsoft Word doctoral thesis final[1]. doc

Participants from the UK were first identified through a search of the selected 
university’s website. They were then contacted by email with details of the study and an 
invitation to participate. In some cases, one person was located and then requested to 
recommend other suitable persons.  The two universities in the UK are both traditionally 
English with black and other ethnic minorities. Twenty three female academic heads of 
department participated in the survey- fifteen from South Africa and eight from the UK.  
 
4.4.2.4 Instrument development 
 
This section describes how the survey data collection instrument used in the present study 
was developed, piloted and administered. Issues of reliability and validity are also 
addressed.   
 
A sixteen page, structured, pre-coded survey was developed. It consisted of twelve 
sections A-L, with a combination of closed-ended and open-ended questions (see 
appendix). 
•  section A of the survey was designed to obtain participants’ demographic 
information  
•  section B sought information about the relevant department and included items on 
numbers of students, teaching staff, female teaching staff, part-time lecturers,