99
distribution of the characteristics of an identified population.
In addition to being
descriptive, surveys can also be used to explore relationships between variables and be
explanatory.
McMillan and Schumacher (1993:281) suggest a series of steps to follow when
conducting survey research. The first step involves defining the purpose and objectives of
the research, which should include a general statement and specific objectives
that define
in detail the information that needs to be collected. The objectives should be
unambiguous. Next, the resources and target population should be selected. This
necessitates making decisions about the total amount of time, money and personnel
available before designing the methodology to gather data. Financial constraints may
dictate whether a locally developed or already existing instrument is used. The sample
size may also be determined by the amount of money available. The
objectives of the
study may need to be modified accordingly.
Thereafter a choice of methods to gather data must be made. The questionnaire and
personal interview are the most frequently used techniques for collecting data. In a
survey, the techniques must be standardised so that information from each respondent is
gathered in a consistent manner and the administration, format and sequence of questions
and statements is the same (McMillan & Schumacher 1993:281).
A sampling decision is then made. Most surveys use a
form of random sampling to
ensure a representative sample of the population. The sample can be stratified. The letter
of transmittal follows. This letter should be brief and should establish the credibility of
the researcher and his/her study by including:
▪
the names and identification of the investigators
▪
the significance of the research for the respondent and
profession
▪
the protection afforded the respondents by keeping their identity confidential
▪
a definite time limit
▪
endorsements for the study by recognised institutions or groups
▪
a brief description of the questionnaire and procedure
100
▪
mention of an opportunity to obtain results
▪
a request for co-operation and honesty
▪
thanks to the respondent.
Follow-up should be done after a period of two to four weeks.
The follow-up letter
should contain another questionnaire, a stamped return-addressed envelope as well as a
cover letter stressing the importance of the study and the subject’s contribution. Non-
respondents who have failed to return the completed questionnaire should also be
followed up especially if the results are to be used for important decisions.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: