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4.2.4   The Interview 
 
4.2.4.1 The focus group interview - FGI 
 
This section presents first an overview of focus group interviewing  as a specific form of 
interviewing technique. Secondly, two main  types of focus group interviews, namely the 
internet focus group and  net-based focus groups, with specific focus on the video 
conference focus group, are put forward. 
  
The focus group interview FGI is a non-quantitative research data collection method. It is 
called a focus group interview because it is focused in two ways. To begin with the group 
participants are similar in some way, and secondly, the purpose is to gather data about a 
single topic. They are most often guided by open-ended discussion questions proposed by 
the researcher, with an emphasis on gaining insights through group opinions rather than 
on specific facts (Anderson & Kanuka 2003:103). However, it is used in this study for the 
purpose of methodological triangulation, which is explained later in the chapter. The FGI, 
according to McMillan and Schumacher (1993:432), is a variation of the ethnographic 
interview. It is a strategy for obtaining a better understanding of a problem or an 
assessment of a problem, a new product, program or idea by interviewing a purposefully 


 
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sampled group of people rather than each person individually. Focus group interviewing 
(Krueger 1994:65) is more than asking questions in a group; it involves asking well 
thought out questions in a focused environment. It involves homogeneous people in a 
social interaction in a series of discussions; its purpose is to collect qualitative data from 
a focused discussion (Krueger 1994:37).  
 
 The focus group is a special kind of interview situation (Neuman 1997:253), where a 
researcher gathers together 6-12 people in a room with a moderator to discuss a couple of  
issues for one to two hours. The moderator introduces issues and ensures that no one 
person dominates. The moderator is flexible, keeps people on the topic and encourages 
discussion. Responses are tape-recorded or recorded by a secretary who assists the 
moderator. The group members should be homogeneous enough to reduce conflict but 
should not include friends or relatives.  
  
Focus groups are useful in exploratory research or to generate new ideas for hypotheses, 
questionnaire items and the interpretation of results.  Focus groups are effective for 
collecting data about attitudes, perceptions and opinions, as well as for revealing the 
complexities of the problem. In particular, focus groups are effective for gaining a more 
in-depth understanding of the topic and have the capacity to gather rich and credible 
qualitative data (Anderson & Kanuka 2003: 102-103). The FGI technique differs from 
the survey questionnaire method. Alreck and Settle (1995:397) provide a clear 
explanation of how the focus group agenda works. The questions on the agenda are 
loosely and broadly framed and the agenda is much more flexible.  
 
The discussion may suggest additional topics of inquiry to be pursued producing further 
data and ideas that might not have been collected in individual interviews (Anderson & 
Kanuka 2003 citing Stewart & Shamdasani 1998). The topics and issues on the focus 
group agenda need not be approached in the order in which they are listed. Unlike the 
survey questionnaire, questions for focus groups are not designed to be answered with a 
single word or phrase. They are not tightly phrased and worded (p398), but instead are 
loosely framed. The moderator may approach questioning in one of two ways. One 
should enquire in a way that would reveal participants’ conclusions about the issue and 


 
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then follow with a series of ‘probing’ questions to learn what lies behind their opinions. 
The other approach is to first solicit information about the background situation then 
proceed to inquire about the conclusive opinion that results under such conditions (p398). 
 
The schedule of questions for the focus group must be organised according to some 
principle in order to avoid chaos. There should be meaningful transitions from one topic 
to the next. While some order and organisation is necessary, the questions schedule need 
not be too rigid. Flexibility should be built in to allow for minor diversions where 
participants may bring up an idea or question which might not have been anticipated by 
the researcher or moderator. The moderator should be able to pursue that idea for a while 
then steer the discussion back to the next topic. Such unanticipated ideas or questions are 
referred to as ‘serendipitous’ questions Krueger (1994:68). The most effective focus 
group schedule (Alreck & Settle 1995:399) moves from the general to the specific – that 
is, from a discussion of broad general issues or principles to an exploration of specific 
details. 
 
Having organised the schedule of questions, consideration should be given to the 
recruitment and selection of focus group participants. It is recommended that focus group 
participants be carefully recruited and selected. The focus group participants (Alreck & 
Settle 1995:399) should be homogeneous in one respect and heterogeneous in another. 
This is necessary to provide diverse opinions, facilitate interaction and provide 
commonality of experience. Therefore participants need to be 
screened so the group will be demographically homogeneous but heterogeneous 
regarding individual views (Alreck & Settle 1995:407). 
 
The FGI technique has its advantages and disadvantages. Foremost among the advantages 
noted by Krueger (1994:34-36), are that focus groups place people in natural, real life 
situations which allows for dynamic group interaction. The group situation helps to relax 
respondents’ inhibitions, and the more natural environment encourages spontaneity. In 
addition, the format of a focus group discussion allows the moderator to probe thus 
allowing unanticipated issues to be explored. Another advantage is that besides providing 
speedy results, focus group discussions have high face validity; the technique is easily 


 
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understood and results are presented in lay terminology. Focus groups also enable the 
researcher to increase the sample size without dramatic increases in the time required of 
the interviewer. 
 
As with all data gathering techniques, the FGI technique has several limitations. Krueger 
(1994:36-37) notes that, unlike the individual interview, the FGI gives the researcher less 
control.  The interaction which occurs among participants may result in group members 
influencing the course of the discussion, and this sharing of group control makes for 
diversions irrelevancy. Data are more difficult to analyse. Group interaction provides a 
social environment, and comments must be interpreted within that context.  Care must be 
taken to avoid taking comments out of context, out of sequence or even coming to 
premature conclusions. Groups differ in their characteristics; while one group may be 
lethargic and dull, another may be exciting, energetic and invigorating. Groups can also 
be difficult to assemble. The focus group requires that people come to a designated place 
at the same instance to share their perceptions. This takes time and effort to synchronise. 
Moreover, the discussion must take place in an environment conducive to conversation. 
These logistical problems may require incentives for participants to participate. 
  

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