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is prevented at IoDs but continues in the rest of the genome, leading to elevated divergence at IoDs.
Two main models of the accumulation of divergence under gene flow have been proposed, which
can be viewed as extremes on a continuum (Feder et al. 2012). Under the classical island view, IoDs
contain specific outlier loci that form barriers to gene flow. Elevated divergence spreads to nearby
tightly-linked loci through divergence hitchhiking, whereby variants in linkage with these barrier loci
are also prevented from introgressing (Via and West 2008; Via 2012).
Under the second view of divergence under gene flow, termed the continent view of genomic
divergence, a much larger number of selected loci contribute to genetic isolation across the genome
(Feder et al. 2012). The landscape of divergence is shaped by selection at these loci mediated by the
genomic architecture, which includes factors such as linkage relationships, recombination rate
variation and the strength of selection at each locus (Michel et al. 2010; Feder et al. 2012). This
second view implies that species barriers are polygenic and does not rely on an effect of divergence
hitchhiking. Islands of divergence (or "continents") generated by this model are larger and more
likely to occur in regions of low recombination, such as inversions (Yeaman 2013) or at centromeres
(Turner et al. 2005; Liu et al. 2020) because the effects of linked selection are enhanced in these
regions.
It has also been demonstrated by both theoretical and empirical studies that IoDs can evolve in the
absence of gene flow. One mechanism that can generate IoDs is sorting of ancient balanced
polymorphisms, in which divergent haplotypes segregating in an ancestral population become fixed
after the populations split (Guerrero and Hahn 2017). This mechanism likely occurred at loci that
govern beak morphology in Darwin's finches, at which ancient haplotypes that predate the split
between species are observed (Han et al. 2017). Another mechanism that can generate IoDs is linked
selection (genetic hitchhiking and background selection) mediated by genomic architecture, which
causes IoDs to recurrently arise in regions of low recombination (Cruickshank and Hahn 2014; Burri
et al. 2015). This phenomenon is connected to the observation across taxa that genetic variation is
reduced in regions of low recombination because of linked selection (Begun and Aquadro 1992). This
effect causes measures of relative divergence such as
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