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Speaker:(Cnuкep,Пpeдceдamezb,Пpeдcmaвumezb)
Figure10–Speaker
The relationship between this loanword and its Russian counterparts is similar tothatofкohфpohtaцияandкohcehcyc,withsimilaroverlapinmeaningandnichepolitical usage.Cпикep seems to be exclusively used with relational adjectives, usuallyfromthepoliticalsphere,anddoesnotseemtopossesseitherpositiveornegativeconnotation.The loanword is frequently collocated with temporal relational adjectiveslike hobый‘new’,6ыbший‘former‘,hыheшhий‘current’,пpeдыдyщий‘previous’.The adjective 6ыbший alone accounts for nearly 20% of the collocations, which leavesless space for significant variance in the remainder of the collocation distribution.Themeaning of the counterpart пpeдceдateль better overlaps the meaning of the loanwordthan the counterpartпpeдctabиteль.
By the much more varied contexts in which the two Russian counterparts appear,wecanconcludethatsemanticconcretizationoccurredonceagain,andtheoriginalmeaningoftheEnglishloanwordcпикep,hasbeenreducedfrom‘speaker,orator,representative’ to a ‘political representative’, as shown by its use with adjectives likepoccийcкийandдyмcкий.Thisconclusionisfurthersupportedby theabsenceofqualitativeadjectivessuchas6лectящий‘brilliant’,beликий‘great’andпoчethый‘respectable’ with this loan word and their presence with the two Russian counterparts.ThecontextsinwhichcпикepappearsareasubsetofthecontextsoftheRussiancounterparts, but the counterpart пpeдceдateль has a good overlap in meaning with theloanword.Thisintensifiesthelexicalcompetitionandcouldleadtotheloanwordremainingin thelanguageonlyin alimited meaningornotat all.
Rating:(Peŭmuнs,Oцeнкa)
Figure11–Rating
TheEnglishloanwordpeйtиhг‘rating’isanotherexampleofsemanticconcretization of a word with widespread everyday and specialized uses into a loanwordwithalimitedmeaning,inthiscaseabusinessandfinanceniche,notfullyservicedbythe Russian counterpart.The adjectives that most frequent collocate with peйtиhг are therelational миpoboй ‘world’, иhbectициohhый ‘investment’ and кpeдиthый ‘credit’ aswell as the qualitative bыcoкий ‘high’.The Russian counterpart word oцehкa ‘estimate,evaluation’ has wider, more generic uses, most notably with the relational adjectiveseкcпepthый‘expert’andпoлиtичecкий‘political’.Inadditionitis alsofrequentlyfoundwiththequalitativeadjectiveпoлoжиteльhaя‘positive’.Muchlike6occand
кohcehcyc,peйtиhгisanothergoodexampleofsemanticconcretizationofanEnglishloanwordintoameaningthathaslittlecompetitionfromtheexistingRussiancounterpart.
Preference(Пpeфepeнцuя,Пpeдnoumeнue,Пpeuмyщecmвo)
Figure12–Preference
Therelationshipbetweenпpeфepehция‘preference’anditsRussiancounterpartissimilartothatofкohфpohtaция,inthatthemeaningoverlapbetweentheloanwordand its Russian counterparts is significant, and there is little in the way of a distinctivenicheinwhichtheloanwordhasprevalenceofuseincomparisonwithitsRussiancounterparts.Although in the overall collocation distribution the loanword has higherfrequenciesforadjectivesrelatedtoeconomic,governmentalandpoliticalspheres,the
meaningoverlapisstillsignificant,sincerelationaladjectiveslikeэкohoмичecкий‘economic’,пotpe6иteльcкий‘consumer’andпoлиtичecкий‘political’alsohavecollocationswith eitherRussian counterpart.
For example, the adjectives that most frequently collocate with пpeфepehция areэкohoмичecкий, пoлиtичecкий, haлoгobый ‘tax’ and гocyдapctbehhый ‘government’,buttheloanworddoesnotholdamonopolyinpoliticalandeconomicuses,asпoлиtичecкийalsoappearsfrequentlywithпpeдпoчtehиe‘preference’andэкohoмичecкий appears with пpeимyщectbo ‘advantage, preference’.The only twoadjectivesthatappearalmostexclusivelywithпpeфepehцияaretherelationalhaлoгobый ‘tax’ and topгoboй ‘market’, but these meanings hardly constitute a nichecontext, because they are closely related to экohoмичecкий.With such a wide overlap inmeaningandalackofusageinadistinctcontext,пpeфepehцияfacesstrongercompetition from its Russian counterparts and does not have the advantage of being alexicaladdition to theRussian language.
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