A Whole-Lan-
guage Book and Achieving Clarity in English.
A Whole-Language Book.
Kendall- Hunt, 1991.
These two books, designed for use with ESL reading/writing classes, detail the various
activities developed to help students complete their reading and writing assignments for high
beginning and intermediate level courses in a Fluency First program.
MacGowan-Gilhooly, Adele. "Fluency Before Correctness: A Whole-Language
Experiment." College ESL 1.1 (March 1991) 37-47.
In this article the author provides a detailed description of the Fluency First curriculum.
MacGowan-Gilhooly, Adele. "Fluency First: Reversing the Traditional ESL
Sequence." Journal of Basic Writing 10.1 (Spring 1991) 37-87.
This article describes the theoretical background supporting the Fluency First approach to
reading and writing for ESL college students, as well as its implications for the Basic Writing
classroom.
Mayher, John. Uncommon Sense. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1990.
This book argues for a major change in educational design, moving toward student-centered
learning and toward teaching that allows the students more choice and control.
Mayher, John, Nancy Lester & Gordon Pradl. Learning to Write/Writing to
Learn. Portsmouth, NH: Boynton-Cook/Heinemann, 1983.
This book first sets up the fluency/clarity/correctness model for literacy acquisition, upon
which the Fluency First curriculum is based.
Mellon, John. "Language Competence," in The Nature and Measurement of
Competency in English. Urbana, Illinois: NCTE, 1981 21-64.
This article expands the definition of competence in a language and argues against
traditional competency testing.
Nelson, Marie Wilson At the Point of Need: Teaching Basic and ESL Writers.
Portsmouth, NH: Boynton-Cook/Heinemann, 1991.
This book presents the results of several years' work training tutors to work with ESL and
basic writers. It presents strong support for whole language approaches to writing instruction
for these two groups.
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Rigg, Pat. "Whole Language in Adult ESL Programs," ERIC/CLL News Bulletin
March, 1990
This article presents a brief introductory discussion of the theoretical basis for whole
language instruction and describes a model program from a school in Vancouver, B.C.
Rigg, Pat. "Whole Language in TESOL." TESOL Quarterly 24.3 (Fall 1991)
521-47.
This article is a survey of whole language ESL programs and research.
Vygotsky, Lev. Thought and Language. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1962.
Vygotsky looks closely at the relationship between what we think, what we say and how
this affects learning. He begins by assessing theories on language development by Piaget and
Stern and continues by proposing his theory of how we acquire new knowledge and
understanding - the Zone of Proximal Development or ZPD.
Weaver, Constance. Reading Process and Practice: From Sociopsycholinguis-
tics to Whole Language. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1988.
The author of this book believes that reading instruction should be based on what is known
about how we learn and how we learn to read and write naturally. Weaver provides, in
compre-hensible language, the theoretical underpinnings of the whole-language approach in
the reading classroom. There are practical suggestions available for the classroom teacher to
pick and choose from throughout the text.
Weaver, Constance.
Understanding Whole-Language: From Principles to
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