Microsoft Word 1 Arif thesis cover final doc

CHAPTER 2 – HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 
76 
abolition of the office of Şeyhülislam and the placing of organised religion under 
directorates attached to the prime minister’s office. In 1925: the abolition of the 
dervish orders and the ban on the fez; adoption of the Gregorian calendar and 
western timekeeping. In 1926: introduction of a new civil code based on the Swiss 
and a new criminal code based on the Italian. In 1928: reference to Islam removed 
from the constitution; adoption of Latin alphabet to be made compulsory on 1 
January 1929. 1930: women given the vote in local elections and first appointment 
of women judges. 1932: call to prayer made compulsory in Turkish. 1934: 
compulsory adoption of surnames
181
. In the years after 1930 independent organs of 
civil society such as the Turkish Hearths, Istanbul University, the Turkish Women’s 
Union and the Freemasons were shut down and in the case of the first two recreated 
under direct government supervision
182
. 
Bilateral relations with Greece were restored by the Treaty of Lausanne at the end of 
July 1923 and even before settlement of the treaty the two countries had agreed on 
30 January 1923 the convention for the compulsory exchange of populations, the 
first article of which reads, “As from the 1
st
May 1923, there shall take place a 
compulsory exchange of Turkish nationals of the Greek Orthodox religion 
established in Turkish territory, and of Greek nationals of the Muslim religion 
established in Greek territory. These persons shall not return to live in Turkey or 
Greece respectively without the authorization of the Turkish Government or the 
Greek Government respectively.” Greek inhabitants of Constantinople and Muslim 
181
Mango, 559-560 
182
Zurcher 2010, 290-291 

---