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CHAPTER 6 – VURUN KAHPEYE 
200 
this is expressed in a language that would not be difficult for ordinary people to 
understand
4
. And all this was put forward during a transitional period when all the 
changes were still under discussion. It is worth noting that the novel was written 
before the changes towards modernization and westernization had been introduced 
officially: the proclamation of the Republic in 1923, the abolition of the Caliphate in 
1924 and a month later the introduction of the New Constitution, the abolition of the 
wearing of the 
fez
in 1925
5
the introduction to the Gregorian Calendar, the Civil, 
Penal (consequently replacing the Şeriat) and Commercial Codes based on Swiss, 
Italian and German models respectively were introduced in 1926 while the 
international numbers first and the new alphabet after it were introduced in 1928. In 
contrast to her novel 
Ateşten Gömlek, 
discussed in the preceding chapter, the author 
does not give room to any doubting characters or middle path: there can only be the 
right and progressive Nationalists and kind open minded people who side with them 
on one hand versus the oppressive and backward religious fanatics along with the 
oppressed and ignorant crowd on the other. 
4
According to the 1927 first public census in a population of 13.640 270 people only 10% were literate.
5
The ban on the veil was proposed much later in 1935. 

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CHAPTER 7 – ERGENEKON 
201 
It was noted in Chapter 5 that Yakup Kadri said shortly after Halide Edip’s death in 
1964 that, having ceded the title ‘Ateşten Gömlek’ to her, he wrote 
Yaban 
and 
Ankara
instead. These novels were first published some years later, in 1932 and 
1934 respectively. This chapter examines the sense in which they can be thought of 
as substitutes for the 
Ateşten Gömlek
which Yakup Kadri did not publish and may 
not have completed.
It is necessary as a preliminary to summarise the novelistic activity
1
of Yakup Kadri 
between 1922 and 1932 and to refer briefly to political developments in that interval. 
As noted in Chapter 4, Yakup Kadri published the following novels in the years 
before 
Yaban
: 
Kiralık Konak 
in 1921,
 Nur Baba
in 1922,
 Hüküm Gecesi 
in
 
1927 and 
Sodom ve Gomore
in 1928. The first is set in the period of the Tanzimat, the second 
in the reign of Abdülhamid, the third in the Second Constitutional period and the 
fourth in the period of the Allied occupation of Istanbul. All four are set in Istanbul 
and it is interesting that the order of publication follows the chronological order of 
their settings. It is striking that Yakup Kadri did not publish a Kurtuluş or even an 
Anatolian novel during the war itself or its immediate aftermath. The years before 
Sodom ve Gomore
, which at least is set in the war period if not in Anatolia, saw the 
publication of a second war novel by Halide Edip, 
Vurun Kahpeye
in 1926, as well 
1
Some of his short stories written during the war appeared in the collective volume 
İzmir’den Bursa’ya
as 
mentioned in Chapter 1.

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