Microsoft Word 1 Arif thesis cover final doc

CHAPTER 2 – HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 
79 
concessions made undoubtedly lost Venizelos support among refugee voters
192
and 
augmented the negative effects of the economic slump and its consequent debt 
default on his election chances. Venizelos lost the elections of 1932, but the policy of 
rapprochement with Turkey was maintained by his “royalist” successors and 
culminated with the signature of the Balkan Pact in 9 February 1934
193
. 
The legacy of the national schism, though, had not been spent in Greece. In 1935, 
Venizelos, now over 70, associated himself with an attempted republican coup, 
which failed. He was condemned to death 
in absentia
, as Mustafa Kemal had been in 
1920. Unlike Mustafa Kemal then, Venizelos did not survive for long, dying in 
French exile in 1936
194
. When Mustafa Kemal himself died in 1938, Greece had both 
a dictator and a king. The dictator was Metaxas, who had opposed Venizelos’s 
Anatolian venture, and the king was George, who had been expelled in the turmoil 
after its end.
192
The publication history of Spanomanolis is a good barometer of Greco-Turkish relations. The account of the 
author’s captivity was written in 1923. Its serialisation in the newspaper, 
Ethnos
, did not begin till 1932. The tone 
of a prefatory remark suggests that publication was a mark of protest against the rapprochement with Turkey. 
Whether or not it was, the Turkish Embassy protested, and the Greek Foreign Ministry induced 
Ethnos
to stop 
publication. Publication resumed after the anti-Greek riot in Istanbul on 6 September 1955. Spanomanolis, 16,18; 
Doulis, 269 
193
Mango, 486-487 
194
Papoulas, the losing commander in chief at Sakarya, was less fortunate. A royalist then, he had become a 
republican in the 1920s. For his support of the 1935 attempted coup he ended his days at the age of 78 before a 
firing squad. 

---