Metrics on Studies found (metadata)

Technological measures per study

There has been a convergence on the reduction measures proposed among studies. There is a clear consensus on what strategies could be adopted for reducing GHG emissions in the cement sector. Most of the studies reviewed addressed measures of clinker substitution (81%), CCUS (89%) and fuel switching (81%) (see Table B .1). The 3 other common strategies are addressed in majority of studies: energy efficiency (73%), material efficiency (68%) and alternative binder (65%). Almost one fifth of studies proposed an additional measure outside of the classic ones, such as enhanced CO₂ uptake (16%), electricity decarbonization (11%), and reduced transport emissions (3%).
Table B.1 Strategies (measures) identified per study reviewed

Report	Carbon Capture, Use and Storage (CCUS)	Fuel Switching	Reduce Clinker Ratio	Energy Efficiency	Material and Construction Efficiency	Alternative Binder	CO2 uptake	Others
(1)	X	X	X	X	X	X
(2)	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X^a
(3)	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
(4)	X		X	X	X	X
(5)	X	X	X	X
(6)	X	X		X
(7)	X	X	X		X
(8)	X	X	X	X	X	X
(9)	X	X	X	X	X	X
(10)	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
(11)	X	X	X	X		X		X^b
(12)	X	X	X	X	X	X
(13)	X	X	X	X	X	X
(14)			X		X
(15)	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X^a
(16)	X	X	X		X	X
(17)	X	X	X	X		X
(18)	X	X	X	X
(19)	X	X				X
(20)	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
(21)	X	X	X	X
(22)	X			X	X	X
(23)	X		X		X
(24)	X	X	X		X	X
(25)	X	X	X	X	X
(26)	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
(27)	X	X	X	X	X	X		X^a
(28)	X	X		X		X		X^c
(29)	X	X	X	X
(30)	X	X	X		X	X
(31)
(32)
(33)	X	X	X	X	X	X
(34)	X	X	X	X	X	X
(35)
(36)	X	X	X	X	X	X
(37)	X	X	X	X	X
% of Studies	89%	81%	81%	73%	68%	65%	16%	14%
	Footnotes: a: Electricity Decarbonization - Grid decarbonization. b: Electricity Decarbonization - Renewable energy. c: Reduced transport emissions

The most common measures for the strategy energy efficiency are improve to the best available technology (BAT) (32% of studies) and thermal efficiency (30%). For fuel switching the most common measures are alternative fuels (no defined) (49%), waste fuels (24%), hydrogen (22%), electricity (16%), and biomass (16%). For CCUS, most studies did not define a specific technology (78%), being post-combustion (16%) and oxy-fuel (16%) the most common. Reducing the clinker ratio involves the use of SCMs (54%). The term alternative binder is used herein to refer to use alternative clinker composition (62%) or alkali activated (5%). The most common measures for increasing material efficiency are to reduce use of concrete (54%), increase circularity (35%), and reduce cement use (27%). For CO₂ uptake the most common measure is enhanced recarbonation at the end of life (8%).
Most measures are targeted at the supply side: cement and clinker producers. This could be explained due to fewer actors and majority of GHG emissions at this stage. Majority of studies (89% each) consider measures targeted at clinker and cement level (see Table B .2), more than half of studies consider measures structure (57%) and one third of studies consider measures at concrete level (41%) and end-of-life (30%). Not all studies consider measures targeted at the demand side (level of structure and end-of-life) or close to consumers (construction companies).
Table B.2 Level of action identified per study reviewed

Report	Clinker	Cement	Concrete	Structure	End of life	All
(1)	X	X		X
(2)	X	X	X	X	X
(3)	X	X	X	X	X
(4)	X	X	X	X
(5)	X	X
(6)	X
(7)	X	X	X	X
(8)	X	X	X	X	X
(9)	X	X		X
(10)	X	X	X	X	X
(11)	X	X
(12)	X	X		X
(13)	X	X	X	X	X
(14)		X	X	X
(15)	X	X		X	X
(16)	X	X		X	X
(17)	X	X
(18)	X	X
(19)	X	X
(20)	X	X	X	X	X
(21)	X	X
(22)	X	X			X
(23)	X	X		X
(24)	X	X	X	X
(25)	X	X				X
(26)	X	X	X	X	X
(27)	X	X	X	X
(28)	X	X				X
(29)	X	X
(30)	X	X	X
(31)
(32)
(33)	X	X	X	X
(34)	X	X		X	X
(35)
(36)	X	X	X
(37)	X	X		X
% of Studies	89%	89%	41%	57%	30%	5%

3. Policy Action classification

Policy actions proposed or identified in each study were decomposed into the goal or motivation for the policy, and the specific mechanism proposed to reach that goal¹. The mechanisms proposed were classified in four levels according to the relevant actor: market, regulatory, and industry (see Table C .3).
A great share of studies proposes market development (65% of the 37 studies), incentives (46%), and investment (41%) as policy actions to promote the adoption of GHG reduction measures. At the regulatory level two main roles are identified: setting regulations (43%) or standards and codes (35%); and technical assistance by setting guidelines to follow (16%). Information plays a role by building knowledge through research and development (59%) and conducting more analysis low carbon technologies (49%). Another common information strategies are education (30%) of stakeholders and increasing cooperation among public-private institutions (30%).
Table C.3 Policy actions identified and number of studies that recommended it

Level	Policy Strategy Classification	# of Studies	%
Market	Market Development	24	65%
	Incentives	17	46%
	Investment	15	41%
Regulatory	Regulations	16	43%
	Standards & Codes	13	35%
	Set Guidelines	6	16%
Information	Research and Development (R&D)	22	59%
	Analysis	18	49%
	Education	11	30%
	Cooperation	11	30%

4. Synthesis of potential policy actions to promote decarbonization in the cement sector

Figure D.6 Synthesis of potential policy actions to take to promote decarbonization in the cement sector. Based on the reviewed studies

1^ Some studies proposed a goal without including a specific mechanism to reach it.