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ФИО автора:
Rakhmatova Gulchehra Abduvali qizi
Uzbek State University of World Languages,
Department of Linguistics (English)
Название публикации:
«OCCURRENCE OF NEGATIVE INFORMATION
TYPES IN TEXTS»
Annotation
This article discusses the occurrence of negative information in the text. The
article consists of an on-demand annotation, keywords, introduction, main part,
conclusion and list of references.
Keywords: negative information, types of texts, occurrence of negativity,
linguo-expert, special knowledge
Аннотация
В данной статье рассматривается возникновение негативной информации
в тексте. Статья состоит из аннотации по запросу, ключевых слов, введения,
основной части, заключения и списка литературы.
Ключевые слова: негативная информация, типы текстов, возникновение
негативности, лингвоэксперт, специальные знания.
One of the typical questions that is posed to a linguist in the course of a
linguistic examination is as follows: “Does the text (text fragment, statement) contain
a negative information about someone (something)? This question is relevant for
production of expert examinations in the framework of cases on the protection of
honour, dignity and business reputation, insult and extremism, as well as possible for
other categories of cases - depending on the set for the resolution of linguistic
expertise of tasks 1.
In linguo-expert practice, negative (negative) information is generally
understood as “information (information), which contains negative characteristics of
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a person - a legal entity or an individual, the actions of an individual from the point of
view of common sense, morality (”unwritten law") or from a legal point of view (in
relation to an expert linguist -to the extent that it can be understood by any capable
citizen without special knowledge in the field of jurisprudence)" [Gorbanevsky (ed.)
2004: 26]. The linguist, analyzing the material, on the basis of lexicographic, lexico-
semantic and contextual analysis of words, phrases, statements and the text as a
whole states negative meanings.
Most cases, the process of establishing the negative nature of information does
not cause difficulties for an expert linguist. Exists point of view that in order to
resolve the issue of the negative nature information, special linguistic knowledge is
not necessary at all, since any native speaker of the Russian language is able to
establish the negativity of information:
It is obvious that in this case [in the case of answering the question about the
presence/absence of a negative information about someone] the competence of an
expert linguist is limited by the qualification of a modal assessment in a controversial
statement, and we believe that any speaker has this skill to a language, and for the
qualification of information in this aspect, special knowledge in the field of
linguistics is not required, since all: and linguists, and non-linguists - have experience
of using negative assessments in their speech works, as well as speech and non-
speech experience of reaction to a negative assessment expressed in their address
[Brinev 2014: 163].
This raises a specific practical question: whether it is necessary in the conclusion of
the linguistic expertise to substantiate the negative nature of the information being
studied, or Is it enough to just state the negativity of the information? In our opinion,
in most cases, for any native speaker, the negative nature of the information is
obvious, and therefore, there is no need to justify it. It is about such statements, the
negativity of which is determined by the semantics lexical units and constructions, for
example: What then happened in the institution, who killed the female patient and
who will bear for it punishment is still unclear.
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The negativity of this fragment in relation to the mentioned institution will be
determined by the meaning of the lexeme kill and the meaning of the statement as a
whole a patient was killed in the institution, punishment for what happened no one
took it.
Nevertheless, in linguo expert practice there are also such cases when the
negative nature of the information contained in the statements is not obvious. Among
them, for example, may be the following:
➾
the statement contains irony, a language game, which, as you know, cannot
be unambiguously interpreted, for example: This wonderful company helps retirees
get rid of the hassle of their savings and live happily ever after! (The statement can be
negative in relation to the described company - provided that the reader understands
the author's irony);
➾
the statement contains information that is
essentially neutral, but as a result of mental operations the reader / listener can
(and obviously should) come to negative conclusions about the object of description,
for example: In 2015, bags of money were seized from the vice mayor (the statement
can be negative in relation to the vice-mayor - provided that the reader he himself
will come to the conclusion, for example, about an illegal method of taking
possession of this money) Apparently, the governor's exposure of Sergei Ivanov's far-
reaching plans and intrigues will haunt him for a long time, and he will still try to
“work out” the Nissan “given” to him Patrol "(the statement can be negative in
relation to Sergei Ivanov - provided that the reader himself comes to the conclusion,
for example, about the illegal nature of Sergei Ivanov's "plans" and about the illegal
method of transferring a car to him under the guise of "gift");
➾
the statement contains information that is essentially neutral, but the context
"transforms" the neutral information into negative;
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➾
the statement contains information that is essentially neutral, but extra
linguistic factors “turn” neutral information into negative. In this paper the last two of
listed cases, in which the justification of the negative information, which is not
obvious at first glance, seem necessary. Justification of negativity is possible with the
help of analysis the total content of the text and its ideological and thematic
orientation, as well as with the help of text analysis, taking into account extra
linguistic, extra textual data.
Speaking about the possibility of taking into account extra linguistic, extra-
textual data in the course of linguistic expertise, one should
It should be noted that, of course, this is going beyond the limits of the analysis
of the actual text object of research, but in a number of cases appears to be
acceptable. Extralinguistic data, which must be taken into account in the course of
text analysis, are understood as any other texts, speech works or circumstances of
reality that are essential for adequate understanding and interpretation of the studied
material. Let's take the following example. For the consideration of the linguist a
complaint of a bank client is presented, reporting on some actions of an employee of
this bank. The question of the nature of this information was raised for the permission
of linguistic expertise. It's obvious that in such a case, to establish the nature of the
information, it is necessary accounting for non-textual data - for example, job
descriptions specified employee. Consider a specific piece of text complaints:
➾
Since the account of this card is opened in another branch on st. Lenina, 71,
the client was told Karaseva S. L. to contact right there and nothing else!
⟨
. . .
⟩
Karaseva S. L. makes some a request to the department at Lenina, 71, does not
receive a response within 40 minutes and offers to come on Monday. When analyzing
this fragment without taking into account any extra-textual data, no negative
information about S. L. Karaseva is seen in the text. But the job description gives the
following information: "Leading The Private Service Specialist is responsible for
⟨
. .
.
⟩
modern and high-quality customer service in compliance with approved service
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standards that prohibit the use of negatively colored categorical phrases and
objections when interaction with the client.
It can be concluded that, given as examples and similar initially neutral
statements, accompanied by subjective or an objective justification for the negation,
including those contained in non-textual data should be recognized as being subject
to verification for compliance with reality as negative. Thus, the negativity of
information can be expressed by lexical units and constructions not only with
negative, but also with neutral semantics, and in these cases the need for justification
the negativity of this information (by analyzing the general content and ideological
and thematic orientation of the text or taking into account extra linguistic factors) is
obvious.
Literature
1.
Brinev 2014 — K. I. Brinev. Forensic linguistic expertise: methodology and
technique. M.: FLINTA: Nauka, 2014.
2.
BTSRYA 2000 - S. A. Kuznetsov (compiled and editor-in-chief). Big
explanatory dictionary Russian language. St. Petersburg: Norint, 2000.
3.
Gorbanevsky (ed.) 2004 - M. V. Gorbanevsky (ed.). Memo on questions
appointment of forensic linguistic expertise: For judges, investigators,
investigators, prosecutors, experts, lawyers and legal advisers. M.: Medea,
2004.
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