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What is critical thinking?
Learning occurs at several levels. As we develop mentally, our learning abilities grow, from lower levels such as memorization to higher levels such as critical thinking. Ormrod Jeanne E states in her book "Educational Psychology Developing Learners" that "Critical thinking entails the need to analyze, describe, model, and synthesize information." There are many definitions of how to define critical thinking.
Stephen Shafersman (1991) describes it as follows: In the pursuit of relevance and reliability, right thinking develops knowledge about the world. And Ellis Ormrod mentions that information must be evaluated or evidenced for its accuracy and value. There are four key concepts that keep coming up.
Critical thinking is defined by:
1) Knowing the content,
2) procedural knowledge;
3) metacognition (metacognitive processes)
4) Attitude to the use of thinking skills and knowledge
Critical thinking begins with people formulating questions based on their observations. Individuals add more hypotheses as they collect data, methods for testing these hypotheses are formulated, and finally, conclusions emerge from data analysis and systematic organization.
This process mimics what is commonly called the scientific method. Shafersman states that the scientific method is “the most powerful method ever invented and
people should have adequate and reliable knowledge about nature".
Science education reform is a national interest and its main goal is improvement. The goal of improving scientific literacy is achieved only if these students have knowledge. The use of relevant scientific principles to make decisions about our world is produced by using knowledge, understanding and skills to advance debate and reflection on engaging scientific issues."
If science education meets these standards, it is inevitable that critical thinking skills will improve. Science education reform will yield results if it realizes its potential strategies for improving critical thinking should begin in elementary school and gradually expand through schools and universities.
Primary school teachers need to start critical thinking in primary grades.
According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, children in the first grade
level, clear operational thinking skills begin to develop. They begin to think, grasp facts and develop adult-like logical skills. And students have concrete information, they have the mental skills to develop and test hypotheses, and they can demonstrate deductive reasoning skills. Teachers should help students model positive behavior and allow students to discover. Therefore, the elementary classroom should be filled with learning opportunities.
The student should be encouraged to hypothesize about the generating mechanisms questioning the formation of rain, dew, trying to explain why the sky is blue. Through this process, the student can develop creative thinking and critical thinking skills. Creativity (lat., ing. "create" - create, "creative" - creator) - indicates the individual's creative ability, which describes the readiness to produce new ideas and is part of talent as an independent factor.
The era of globalization requires an individual to develop the economy creatively and to be able to analyze it through a critical approach. Through this ability, it is possible to change not only the reputation of our country, but also the living conditions among the developed countries.
In scientific work entitled "Development of creative thinking skills in students"by Nilufar Umrzokova, the PISA study emphasized the importance of the main helpful method in creative thinking and the fact that the PISA study consists of two parts: a test and a survey. proved the formation of analytical skills through examples. He also points out that there are three limitations in the PISA study and that these limitations should be studied scientifically.
According to the decision on approving the concept of the development of the higher education system of the Republic of Uzbekistan until 2030, it is necessary to determine the priority directions of the systematic reform of higher education in the Republic of Uzbekistan, independent thinking, with modern knowledge and high moral and ethical qualities. in order to raise the process of training highly qualified personnel to a new level in terms of quality, to modernize higher education, to develop the social sphere and economic sectors based on advanced educational technologies, to raise the content of higher education to a new level in terms of quality, social to establish a system of training highly qualified personnel who will contribute to the sustainable development of industries and economic sectors, to find their place in the labor market, to conduct surveys among professors, teachers, and students and a nationwide effort to train creative thinking professionals with the ability to critically analyze It would be appropriate if a set of systematic pedagogical principles based on methods and a set of exercises from primary education to higher education were created and tested in practice.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar
1. Sh.Mirziyoev “Tanqidiy tahlil, qatiy tartib-intizom va shaxsiy javobgarlik har bir rahbar faoliyatining kundalik qoyidasi bolishi kerak” 2017-yil 14-yanvar Toshkent. O'zbekiston
2. Khotamov I.S., Olimov M.K., Madrahimova G.R. Kreativ fikrlash. – Toshkent,2021.
3. Madraximova Gulasal Ro‘zimboy qizi, Nasullayeva Yoqutoy Nasim qizi – “IQTISODCHI UCHUN KREATIV FIKRLASH NIMA UCHUN KERAK?” 2022-yil Fan va Ta’lim
4.Umirzoqova Nilufar Abdusattorovna “O’quvchilarda kreativ fikrlash konikmalarini rivojlantirish” Scienca and education” scientific journal/ISSN 2181-0841 2022 may.
5. “O'zbekiston Respublikasi oliy ta’lim tizimini 2030 yilgacha rivojlantirish konceptsiyasini tasdiqlash” haqidagi O'zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2019-yil 8-oktyabrdagi 5847 son farmoni
6. Educational Psychology: Developing Learners (10th Edition) 10th Edition
by Jeanne Ellis Ormrod (Author), Eric M. Anderman (Author), Lynley H. Anderman (Author)
4.6 out of 5 stars 185 ratings
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