Маъсул муҳаррир: Филология фанлари доктори, профессор: Г. Х. Боқиева Тақризчилар

Reference

1. 
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2. 
   Hogg R. Introduction to Old English. Edinburgh University Press, 2002, 174 p.
   
3. 
   Kuldashev A.M. An Introduction to Germanic Philology. Tashkent, Шарқ Нашр Матбаа акционерлик жамияти. 2010, 154 p.
   
4. 
   Kuldashev A.M. Formation and Development of the Global language. – Tashkent, Turon Iqbol, 2016. 118 p.
   
5. 
   The Cambridge History of the English language. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press, 2005, 613 p.
   
6. 
   Қўлдашев А.М., Хамзаев С.А. Инглиз тили тарихи. Т. Darssprint нашр, 2015. 192 бет.
   

Chapter XXI. OLD ENGLISH GRAMMAR. MORPHOLOGY


Key questions
1. General characteristics of Old English Morphology.
2. The Noun and its grammatical categories.
3. Declension of Nouns.
4. The Adjective in Old English.
5. The Pronouns in Old English.


Vowels:
1) loss of the neutral sound of unstressed endings (in the 15^th c.);
2) loss of vowels in intermediate syllables: chapiter – chapter, medicine;
3) change of [er] into [ar] with some exceptions: ferre – far, sterre – star , but occasionally this change did not take place: certain, prefect, etc. when it didn’t change into [ar] , it eventually developed into [e:], but ‘clerk, ‘Derby’.
The Great Vowel Shift began in the 15^th century: all long vowels were narrowed and the narrowest were diphthongized: take [ta:ka] – [teik]; beat [be:t]/[ bi:t]; meet [me:t]/[mi;t]; like [li:ka]/[laik]; boat [bo:t]/[bout]; tool [to:l]/[tu:l]; house [hu:s]/[haus]. All those changes show one general tendency: narrowing of long vowels and diphthongization of the narrowest of them. All these changes occurred gradually, without being noticed by the speakers.
Influence of [r]: when a long vowel was followed by ‘r’, new phonemes came into being: (ia], [ea], [ua]: fare [fa;r] – [fea]; tire [ti:r] /[taia], power [pu:ar] /[ paua].
Some words have sounds which do not correspond to the general law of the shift.
Long [u:] remained unchanged when followed by a labial consonant: droop, room; [i:] remained unchanged in words borrowed from French: machine, police, etc.; long open [e:] did not always change into [i:], it was shortened in some words head, death, etc.
Other changes:

• 
  short ‘a’ into ‘ae’: hat, cat; but when it was preceded by [w] it developed into [o]: what, was, ec.
  
• 
  In the 16^th c. 2 new long vowels arose [a:], [o:]
  
• 
  [a:] – before: bath, father, brass, cast, ask, clasp, calm
  
• 
  [o:] – before: cork, port, autumn, dawn
  
• 
  long [u:] was shortened before [k]: book, cook; also in good, foot, etc.
  
• 
  rise of long [e:] – fir, sir, fur, curtain, worm, word, heard, learn
  
• 
  short [u] changed into [^]: cut, but, love, son, rough, enough; blood, flood; remained unchanged before labial consonants: pull, full, bull, etc.
  
• 
  unstressed vowels were reduced either to [i] or [a]: begin, wishes, mountain, etc.