Маъсул муҳаррир: Филология фанлари доктори, профессор: Г. Х. Боқиева Тақризчилар



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Bog'liq
A History of the English Language

Religion and church

Religion, saint, frere, preyen,sermon,conscience, chapel

Town professions

Bocher, peinter, tailor (country professions Anglo-saxon: miller, shoemaker, shepherd, smith)

Art notions:

Art, colour, figure, image, column, ornament

Amusements:

Plesir, leysir, ese, feste, dinner, soper, rosten

Words not connected with any sphere:

Air, place, river, large, change, etc.

When both the native word and the French word were preserved in English, there arose a differentiation of their meanings (ox –beef, calf – veal, sheep – mutton, pig – pork).
Another type of differentiation may be found in the pair of synonyms: beginnen – commencen. The native word beginnen has stayed on as a colloquial word, while the French commencen is an official term and is mainly used in documents. In other examples, work –labour, life – existence, etc. the native word acquired a more concrete meaning, while the French one is more abstract.
In some cases, French words superceded the most everyday words: river (instead of OE ēa).
Sometimes the intruding French word forced its native synonym into a different semantic sphere of meaning. For instance, the OE haerfest (autumn) was superseded by the French word autumn, but survived in English with the meaning of ‘harvest’
French words penetrating into English were of different origin: from Latin, from Greek through Latin, from Celtic, from Germanic dialects.
The degree to which French words penetrated into English depended on two factors: on the geographical region and on the social layer addressed by the document. The farther North, the fewer French words; the closer to the lower strata of society, the fewer French words.

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